http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:14164 Wed 07 Apr 2021 14:02:15 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:13762 45 years) with age-matched untrained controls, in addition to investigating the influence of chronological age. Methods: Electronic databases were searched from inception to January 2018 before conducting a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate pooled differences in means, effect size and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Study heterogeneity was reported using Cochran’s Q and I2 statistic. Results: Overall, 32 studies (644 athletes; 582 controls) were included. Athletes had greater LV end-diastolic diameter (3.65 mm, 95% CI 2.66–4.64), interventricular septal thickness (1.23 mm, 95% CI 0.85–1.60), posterior wall thickness (1.20 mm, 95% CI 0.83–1.56), LV mass (72 g, 95% CI 46–98), LV mass index (28.17 g·m2, 95% CI 19.84–36.49) and stroke volume (13.59 mL, 95% CI 7.20–19.98) (all p < 0.01). Athletes had superior global diastolic function [ratio of early (E) to late (A) mitral inflow velocity (E/A) 0.18, 95% CI 0.13–0.24, p < 0.01; ratio of early (e′) to late (a′) diastolic annular tissue velocity (e′/a′) 0.23, 95% CI 0.06–0.40, p = 0.01], lower A (−8.20 cm·s−1, 95% CI −11.90 to −4.51, p < 0.01) and a′ (−0.72 cm·s−1, 95% CI −1.31 to −0.12, p = 0.02), and more rapid e′ (0.96 cm·s−1, 95% CI 0.05–1.86, p = 0.04). Meta-regression for chronological age identified that athlete–control differences, in the main, are maintained during advancing age. Conclusions: Athletic older men have larger cardiac dimensions and enjoy more favourable cardiac function than healthy, non-athletic counterparts. Notably, the athlete groups maintain these effects during chronological ageing. © 2018, The Author(s).]]> Wed 07 Apr 2021 14:01:52 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11811 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:57:06 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11803 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:57:05 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11794 0.05). The highest mean thoracic and lumbarES muscle-activation levels were displayed in the forward swing (67–99% MVC) and acceleration (83–106% MVC) phases of the swing for all clubs tested. The findings from this study show that there wereno significant statistical differences between the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge whenexamining muscle activity from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle.]]> Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:57:04 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11788 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:57:04 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11748 0.05). When using the undersize grip, club head speed significantly increased (p = 0.044). During the backswing and downswing phases, amateurs produced significantly greater forearm muscle activity with all three grip sizes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, forearm muscle activity is not affected by grip sizes. However, club head speed increases when using undersize grips.]]> Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:57:01 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11747 .05). Significant changes were displayed in MDF and RMS in the lead lower lumbar and all trail regions of the erector-spinae muscle when comparing the MVC performed before and after the session (p < .05). Fatigue was evident in the trail side of the erector-spinae muscle after the session.]]> Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:57:01 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11739 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:57:01 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11716 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:57:00 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11712 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:57:00 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11704 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:56:59 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11701 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:56:59 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11693 3 months (SA), bodybuilding controls (n = 8) (BC), and (n = 8) sedentary male controls (SC). FEV(1), FVC, and PEF were measured. The results found that all subjects were within normal range, and there were no differences between groups. Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and grip strength were both significantly greater in SU (P < 0.05) compared with SC; no significant difference was found between the other groups. Their MIP and grip strength was significantly correlated (r = 0.57; P < 0.05). The data from this study suggest that the combination of resistance training and AAS administration produce a significant increase in MIP in a cohort of long-term AAS users.]]> Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:56:59 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11684 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:56:58 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11677 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:56:58 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11128 Wed 07 Apr 2021 13:56:27 AEST ]]> http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11722 Tue 24 Jan 2023 16:49:52 AEDT ]]>