Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) leaves increase SR-BI expression and reduce cholesterol levels in rats fed a high cholesterol diet
- Andriani, Yosie, Tengku-Muhammad, Tengku, Mohamad, Habsah, Saidin, Jasnizat, Syamsumir, Desy Fitrya, Chew, Guatsiew, Wahid, Mohd Effendy
- Authors: Andriani, Yosie , Tengku-Muhammad, Tengku , Mohamad, Habsah , Saidin, Jasnizat , Syamsumir, Desy Fitrya , Chew, Guatsiew , Wahid, Mohd Effendy
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Molecules Vol. 20, no. 3 (2015), p. 4410-4429
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In vitro and in vivo studies of the activity of Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl (Thymelaeaceae) leaves against the therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia were done using the HDL receptor (SR-BI) and hypercholesterolemia-induced Sprague Dawley rats. The in vitro study showed that the active fraction (CF6) obtained from the ethyl acetate extract (EMD) and its component 2',6',4-trihydroxy-4'-methoxybenzophenone increased the SR-BI expression by 95% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study has proven the effect of EMD at 0.5 g/kgbw dosage in reducing the total cholesterol level by 224.9% and increasing the HDL cholesterol level by 157% compared to the cholesterol group. In the toxicity study, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity were observed to be at normal levels. The liver histology also proved no toxicity and abnormalities in any of the treatment groups, so it can be categorized as non-toxic to the rat liver. The findings taken together show that P. macrocarpa leaves are safe and suitable as an alternative control and prevention treatment for hypercholesterolemia in Sprague Dawley rats. ©2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI.
- Authors: Andriani, Yosie , Tengku-Muhammad, Tengku , Mohamad, Habsah , Saidin, Jasnizat , Syamsumir, Desy Fitrya , Chew, Guatsiew , Wahid, Mohd Effendy
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Molecules Vol. 20, no. 3 (2015), p. 4410-4429
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In vitro and in vivo studies of the activity of Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl (Thymelaeaceae) leaves against the therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia were done using the HDL receptor (SR-BI) and hypercholesterolemia-induced Sprague Dawley rats. The in vitro study showed that the active fraction (CF6) obtained from the ethyl acetate extract (EMD) and its component 2',6',4-trihydroxy-4'-methoxybenzophenone increased the SR-BI expression by 95% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study has proven the effect of EMD at 0.5 g/kgbw dosage in reducing the total cholesterol level by 224.9% and increasing the HDL cholesterol level by 157% compared to the cholesterol group. In the toxicity study, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity were observed to be at normal levels. The liver histology also proved no toxicity and abnormalities in any of the treatment groups, so it can be categorized as non-toxic to the rat liver. The findings taken together show that P. macrocarpa leaves are safe and suitable as an alternative control and prevention treatment for hypercholesterolemia in Sprague Dawley rats. ©2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI.
Effect of montmorillonite on morphology, glass transition and crystallinity of the xylitol-plasticized bionanocomposites
- Liu, Huihua, Chaudhary, Deeptangshu
- Authors: Liu, Huihua , Chaudhary, Deeptangshu
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Carbohydrate Polymers Vol. 98, no. 1 (2013), p. 391-396
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: High amylose based nanocomposites plasticized by xylitol were prepared via twin-screw extrusion. The synergistic interaction in the xylitol-plasticized nanocomposite was studied via various characterization methods and the unique behavior of the xylitol-plasticized nanocomposite had been discussed. As revealed in the XRD and TEM results, good intercalated/exfoliated morphology had been achieved in all the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the expansion of nanoclay basal spacing was related to the xylitol/nanoclay ratio. DSC analysis clearly proved the unique crystallization process of xylitol-plasticized samples. Moreover, in the crystallization domain results, two domains sized at approximately 93.7. Å and 346. Å were found. This observation points to a two-level complex effect from two aggregate domains; one, the re-aggregation of certain number of silicate layers into domains which trap some of the amylose polymer chains, and two, the bulk drying process which combines smaller amylose crystalline domains within a larger amorphous high amylose matrix. © 2013.
- Description: 2003011127
- Authors: Liu, Huihua , Chaudhary, Deeptangshu
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Carbohydrate Polymers Vol. 98, no. 1 (2013), p. 391-396
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: High amylose based nanocomposites plasticized by xylitol were prepared via twin-screw extrusion. The synergistic interaction in the xylitol-plasticized nanocomposite was studied via various characterization methods and the unique behavior of the xylitol-plasticized nanocomposite had been discussed. As revealed in the XRD and TEM results, good intercalated/exfoliated morphology had been achieved in all the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the expansion of nanoclay basal spacing was related to the xylitol/nanoclay ratio. DSC analysis clearly proved the unique crystallization process of xylitol-plasticized samples. Moreover, in the crystallization domain results, two domains sized at approximately 93.7. Å and 346. Å were found. This observation points to a two-level complex effect from two aggregate domains; one, the re-aggregation of certain number of silicate layers into domains which trap some of the amylose polymer chains, and two, the bulk drying process which combines smaller amylose crystalline domains within a larger amorphous high amylose matrix. © 2013.
- Description: 2003011127
The interaction in sorbitol-plasticized starch bionanocomposites via positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and small angle X-ray scattering
- Liu, Huihua, Chaudhary, Deeptangshu, Roberts, Jason, Weed, Ryan, Sullivan, James, Buckman, Stephen
- Authors: Liu, Huihua , Chaudhary, Deeptangshu , Roberts, Jason , Weed, Ryan , Sullivan, James , Buckman, Stephen
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Carbohydrate Polymers Vol. 88, no. 4 (2012), p. 1172-1176
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: We investigated the free volume variations (size and distribution) within sorbitol plasticized high amylose bionanocomposites of different formula where the interactions among sorbitol, amylose and hydrophilic montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) modified the crystallinity and therefore, the free volume of the matrix. Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) is a useful technique to monitor the changes of free volume within the polymer matrix - due to polymer-plasticizer or polymer-polymer interactions. In a recent investigation (Liu et al.; Carbohydrate Polymer, 2011, 85(1), 97-104), we demonstrated that there exists a threshold plasticizer concentration - above which the matrix crystallinity and moisture content can be significantly altered. By investigating the relationship between the changes of free volume and the development of crystalline morphology, we presented evidence that, at the molecular level, the free volume changes due to amylose-MMT interactions were affected by the concentration of the sorbitol plasticizer. The free volume analysis revealed that when the concentration of sorbitol was low (5 wt%), the bionanocomposite showed a bimodal distribution for free volume pore-size. As the sorbitol concentration increased, these free volume pores coalesced. Further, due to sorbitol's hydrophilic nature, this study also presented the evidence of moisture 'lock-in' within the bionanocomposites matrix; only one pore size - was confirmed in the high moisture content samples; meaning that sorbitol was able to have binary interactions with the amylose and with the water molecules so that the free volume pore-size was relatively more uniform. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Authors: Liu, Huihua , Chaudhary, Deeptangshu , Roberts, Jason , Weed, Ryan , Sullivan, James , Buckman, Stephen
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Carbohydrate Polymers Vol. 88, no. 4 (2012), p. 1172-1176
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: We investigated the free volume variations (size and distribution) within sorbitol plasticized high amylose bionanocomposites of different formula where the interactions among sorbitol, amylose and hydrophilic montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) modified the crystallinity and therefore, the free volume of the matrix. Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) is a useful technique to monitor the changes of free volume within the polymer matrix - due to polymer-plasticizer or polymer-polymer interactions. In a recent investigation (Liu et al.; Carbohydrate Polymer, 2011, 85(1), 97-104), we demonstrated that there exists a threshold plasticizer concentration - above which the matrix crystallinity and moisture content can be significantly altered. By investigating the relationship between the changes of free volume and the development of crystalline morphology, we presented evidence that, at the molecular level, the free volume changes due to amylose-MMT interactions were affected by the concentration of the sorbitol plasticizer. The free volume analysis revealed that when the concentration of sorbitol was low (5 wt%), the bionanocomposite showed a bimodal distribution for free volume pore-size. As the sorbitol concentration increased, these free volume pores coalesced. Further, due to sorbitol's hydrophilic nature, this study also presented the evidence of moisture 'lock-in' within the bionanocomposites matrix; only one pore size - was confirmed in the high moisture content samples; meaning that sorbitol was able to have binary interactions with the amylose and with the water molecules so that the free volume pore-size was relatively more uniform. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of spatial distribution of wax and PEG-isocyanate on the morphology and hydrophobicity of starch films
- Muscat, Delina, Adhikari, Raju, Tobin, Mark, McKnight, Stafford, Wakeling, Lara, Adhikari, Benu
- Authors: Muscat, Delina , Adhikari, Raju , Tobin, Mark , McKnight, Stafford , Wakeling, Lara , Adhikari, Benu
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Carbohydrate Polymers Vol. 111, no. (2014), p. 333-347
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study proposes a novel method for improving surface hydrophobicity of glycerol plasticized high amylose (HAG) films. We used polyethylene glycol isocyanate (PEG-iso) crosslinker to link HAG and three natural waxes (beeswax, candelilla wax and carnauba wax) to produce HAG + wax + PEG-iso films. The spatial distributions of wax and PEG-iso across the thickness of these films were determined using Synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydrophobicity and surface morphology of the films were determined using contact angle (CA) and scanning electron microscopic measurements, respectively. The distribution patterns of wax and the PEG-iso across the thickness of the film, and the nature of crystalline patterns formed on the surface of these films were found to be the key factors affecting surface hydrophobicity. The highest hydrophobicity (CA >90°) was created when the PEG-iso was primarily distributed in the interior of the films and a hierarchical circular pinnacle structure of solidified wax was formed on the surface. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
- Authors: Muscat, Delina , Adhikari, Raju , Tobin, Mark , McKnight, Stafford , Wakeling, Lara , Adhikari, Benu
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Carbohydrate Polymers Vol. 111, no. (2014), p. 333-347
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study proposes a novel method for improving surface hydrophobicity of glycerol plasticized high amylose (HAG) films. We used polyethylene glycol isocyanate (PEG-iso) crosslinker to link HAG and three natural waxes (beeswax, candelilla wax and carnauba wax) to produce HAG + wax + PEG-iso films. The spatial distributions of wax and PEG-iso across the thickness of these films were determined using Synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydrophobicity and surface morphology of the films were determined using contact angle (CA) and scanning electron microscopic measurements, respectively. The distribution patterns of wax and the PEG-iso across the thickness of the film, and the nature of crystalline patterns formed on the surface of these films were found to be the key factors affecting surface hydrophobicity. The highest hydrophobicity (CA >90°) was created when the PEG-iso was primarily distributed in the interior of the films and a hierarchical circular pinnacle structure of solidified wax was formed on the surface. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
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