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The longitudinal effects of midwife-led postnatal debriefing on the psychological health of mothers

- Selkirk, Rosemary, McLaren, Suzanne, Ollerenshaw, Alison, McLachlan, Angus, Moten, Julie

  • Authors: Selkirk, Rosemary , McLaren, Suzanne , Ollerenshaw, Alison , McLachlan, Angus , Moten, Julie
  • Date: 2010
  • Type: Text , Book chapter
  • Relation: Transitions theory p. 590-602
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  • Description: To assess the effect of midwife-led postpartum debriefing on psychological variables, 149 women were recruited in the third trimester of their pregnancy and were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. Women in the treatment group received midwife-led postpartum debriefing within 3 days postpartum, whereas women in the control group did not receive formalised debriefing. Background information and psychological variables were assessed in the prepartum, and birthing information was gathered 2 days postpartum. The psychological variables, plus a measure of birth trauma, were re-assessed at 1 month, and again, together with a measure of parenting stress, at 3 months postpartum. Although the majority of women reported positively on their debriefing experience, statistical analyses indicated that only on the measure of dyadic satisfaction was there some suggestion that debriefing was effective. There were no significant differences between the treatment and control groups on measures of personal information, depression, anxiety, trauma, perception of the birth, or parenting stress at any assessment points, postpartum. On the other hand, the effect of medical intervention on women's perceptions of their birthing was evident, with women who experienced more medical intervention reporting more negative perceptions of their birthing than women who had experienced less medical intervention. Surprisingly, this difference was more marked among the women who had been debriefed than among the control group. Generally, the results did not support midwife-led debriefing as an effective intervention postpartum. © Society for Reproductive and Infant Psychology.

Science teachers' understanding of the college entrance examination in a climate of national curriculum reform in China

- Ma, Hongming

  • Authors: Ma, Hongming
  • Date: 2013
  • Type: Text , Book chapter
  • Relation: Valuing Assessment in Science Education: Pedagogy, Curriculum, Policy p. 183-205
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  • Description: In China, the College Entrance Examination (CEE) is often likened to a conductor’s baton in that it directs and controls almost every every decision-making in the educational system. The positive or negative impact of CEE on the development of individual student and society as a whole has been much debated. In the absence of a fairer selection mechanism for college entrance, the long-time dominant CEE has led to an unspoken consequence of Chinese educational practice—‘education for examination’. CEE is, without doubt, the most influential factor that shapes teachers’ pedagogical practice. However, few discussions go into detail about what values promoted by CEE are reflected in teachers’ pedagogical practice. This chapter reviews a body of literature about strategies suggested by secondary school science teachers in dealing with CEE and identifies the connection between these strategies and the values advocated by the science curriculum standards. The discussion will be in relation to the current reform in China’s educational system which promotes quality-oriented education. This reform echoes the trend in many English-speaking countries which values education for not only knowledge but also process and attitudes.

Canonical dual approach to binary factor analysis

- Ke, Sun, Shikui, Tui, Gao, David, Xu, Lei

  • Authors: Ke, Sun , Shikui, Tui , Gao, David , Xu, Lei
  • Date: 2009
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 8th International conference on Independent Component Analysis and Signal Separation. p. 346-353
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  • Description: Binary Factor Analysis (BFA) is a typical problem of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) where the signal sources are binary. Parameter learning and model selection in BFA are computationally intractable because of the combinatorial complexity. This paper aims at an efficient approach to BFA. For parameter learning, an unconstrained binary quadratic programming (BQP) is reduced to a canonical dual problem with low computational complexity; for model selection, we adopt the Bayesian Ying-Yang (BYY) framework to make model selection automatically during learning. In the experiments, the proposed approach cdual shows superior performance. Another BQP approximation round is also good in model selection and is more efficient. Two other methods, greedy and enum, are more accurate in BQP but fail to compete with cdual and round in BFA. We conclude that a good optimization is essential in a learning process, but the key task of learning is not simply optimization and an over-accurate optimization may not be preferred.

Sufficient global optimality conditions for weakly convex minimization problems

- Wu, Zhiyou

  • Authors: Wu, Zhiyou
  • Date: 2007
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Global Optimization Vol. 39, no. 3 (2007), p. 427-440
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  • Description: In this paper, we present sufficient global optimality conditions for weakly convex minimization problems using abstract convex analysis theory. By introducing (L,X)-subdifferentials of weakly convex functions using a class of quadratic functions, we first obtain some sufficient conditions for global optimization problems with weakly convex objective functions and weakly convex inequality and equality constraints. Some sufficient optimality conditions for problems with additional box constraints and bivalent constraints are then derived. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003005516

Acetaldehyde Stimulates Ethanol-Stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Grown on Various Carbon Sources

- Hucker, Barry, Vriesekoop, Frank

  • Authors: Hucker, Barry , Vriesekoop, Frank
  • Date: 2008
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Folia Microbiologica Vol. 53, no. 6 (2008), p. 505-508
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  • Description: The ability of added acetaldehyde to stimulate growth in ethanol-stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae while grown on non-fermentable substrates (ethanol, glycerol) is reported. The addition of acetaldehyde to ethanol-stressed yeast grown on either ethanol or glycerol led to a significant decrease in lag time of 67 and 45%, respectively (p = 0.000) and an increase in the specific growth rate (0.008-0.038/h and 0.060-0.074/h, respectively). The stimulatory effect of acetaldehyde could be mimicked by the addition of propionaldehyde. Results, following metabolic tracing of the added stimulants, question the previously held notion that the acetaldehyde effect in S. cerevisiae is fully redox related.

Vector optimization problems with nonconvex preferences

- Huang, N. J., Rubinov, Alex, Yang, Xiao

  • Authors: Huang, N. J. , Rubinov, Alex , Yang, Xiao
  • Date: 2008
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Global Optimization Vol. 40, no. 4 (2008), p. 765-777
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  • Description: In this paper, some vector optimization problems are considered where pseudo-ordering relations are determined by nonconvex cones in Banach spaces. We give some characterizations of solution sets for vector complementarity problems and vector variational inequalities. When the nonconvex cone is the union of some convex cones, it is shown that the solution set of these problems is either an intersection or an union of the solution sets of all subproblems corresponding to each of these convex cones depending on whether these problems are defined by the nonconvex cone itself or its complement. Moreover, some relations of vector complementarity problems, vector variational inequalities, and minimal element problems are also given. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
  • Description: C1

Local optimization method with global multidimensional search

- Bagirov, Adil, Rubinov, Alex, Zhang, Jiapu

  • Authors: Bagirov, Adil , Rubinov, Alex , Zhang, Jiapu
  • Date: 2005
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Global Optimization Vol. 32, no. 2 (2005), p. 161-179
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  • Description: This paper presents a new method for solving global optimization problems. We use a local technique based on the notion of discrete gradients for finding a cone of descent directions and then we use a global cutting angle algorithm for finding global minimum within the intersection of the cone and the feasible region. We present results of numerical experiments with well-known test problems and with the so-called cluster function. These results confirm that the proposed algorithms allows one to find a global minimizer or at least a deep local minimizer of a function with a huge amount of shallow local minima. © Springer 2005.
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  • Description: 2003001351

Decomposability of polytopes

- Przeslawski, Krzysztof, Yost, David

Planned fires and invertebrate conservation in south east Australia

- New, Tim, Yen, A. L., Sands, D. P. A., Greenslade, Penelope, Neville, Peter, York, Alan, Collett, Nick

  • Authors: New, Tim , Yen, A. L. , Sands, D. P. A. , Greenslade, Penelope , Neville, Peter , York, Alan , Collett, Nick
  • Date: 2010
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Insect Conservation Vol. 14, no. 5 (2010), p. 567-574
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  • Description: Unusually intense wildfires in south east Australia in early February 2009 led to the deaths of 173 people in Victoria and massive loss of property, with several towns essentially obliterated. More than 450,000 ha were burned. The severity of those fires has led to calls for massively increased planned burning for fuel reduction, with a Government Enquiry (a Royal Commission) currently considering all aspects of the fires and future policy, to help safeguard life and property. Public concerns are naturally high, and any measures suggested to reduce the likelihood and severity of future fires must be appraised seriously. However, the conservation of Victoria's heritage of biodiversity is also of major concern, and-in particular-the outcomes of the more extensive use of fire for invertebrates have scarcely been heeded even in current prescriptions for planned burning. In this essay, we assemble some information on invertebrate interactions with fire in the region, and use this to suggest guides for improved fire management practices that are based more on scientific principles that focus on invertebrate conservation. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Urbanization affects the trophic structure of arboreal arthropod communities

- Christie, Fiona, Cassis, Gerasimos, Hochuli, Dieter

  • Authors: Christie, Fiona , Cassis, Gerasimos , Hochuli, Dieter
  • Date: 2010
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Urban Ecosystems Vol. 13, no. 2 (2010), p. 169-180
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  • Description: Urbanization is one of the most significant causes of habitat fragmentation on the planet, resulting in substantial losses of biodiversity and disruptions to ecological processes. We examined the effects of urbanization on the diversity and abundance of arboreal invertebrates in a dominant tree species (Angophora costata) in a highly urbanized landscape in Sydney, Australia, identifying the potential ecological consequences of shifts in diversity. We hypothesized that trophic structure would be influenced by landscape context with a greater richness and abundance of invertebrates in small remnants and edges. Canopy arthropods were sampled via beating from trees in 15 sites in three landscape contexts; five large patches of continuous vegetation, five edges of large patches and five small urban remnants. Trees in large patches supported fewer individuals compared to trees in small urban remnants and edge sites. The composition of assemblages and overall trophic structure also differed between edges and large patches, with a greater abundance of grazing insects in edges. No differences were detected between small urban remnants and edges, suggesting that observed differences might be attributed to an edge effect as opposed to an area effect per se. These changes in trophic structure, revealing a greater abundance of grazing herbivores and a reduced abundance of predators and parasitoids in edge sites, are consistent with work describing elevated levels of herbivory in edges of remnant vegetation. Future management of remnant urban vegetation and associated biodiversity requires not only an understanding of how trophic status influences the extent of responses by arboreal invertebrate communities, but also how these will affect ecosystem functioning. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
  • Description: 2003007386

A framework for monitoring progress and planning teaching towards the effective use of computer algebra systems

- Pierce, Robyn, Stacey, Kaye

  • Authors: Pierce, Robyn , Stacey, Kaye
  • Date: 2004
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning Vol. 9, no. 1 (2004), p. 59-93
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  • Description: This article suggests a framework to organise a cluster of variables that are associated with students' effective use of computer algebra systems (CAS) in mathematics learning. Based on a review of the literature and from the authors' own teaching experience, the framework identifies the main characteristics of students' interactions with CAS technology and how these may be used to monitor students' developing use of CAS; from this, the framework may be used to plan teaching in order to gain greater benefit from the availability of CAS. Four case studies describing students' development over a semester are reported. These demonstrate a variety of combinations of technical competencies and personal attributes. They indicate the importance of both the technical and personal aspects but suggest that negative attitudes rather than technical difficulties can limit the effective use of CAS. Finally practical suggestions are given for teaching strategies which may promote effective use of CAS.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003000923

The structure of abelian pro-Lie groups

- Hofmann, Karl, Morris, Sidney

  • Authors: Hofmann, Karl , Morris, Sidney
  • Date: 2004
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Mathematische Zeitschrift Vol. 248, no. 4 (Dec 2004), p. 867-891
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  • Description: A pro-Lie group is a projective limit of a projective system of finite dimensional Lie groups. A prodiscrete group is a complete abelian topological group in which the open normal subgroups form a basis of the filter of identity neighborhoods. It is shown here that an abelian pro-Lie group is a product of (in general infinitely many) copies of the additive topological group of reals and of an abelian pro-Lie group of a special type; this last factor has a compact connected component, and a characteristic closed subgroup which is a union of all compact subgroups; the factor group modulo this subgroup is pro-discrete and free of nonsingleton compact subgroups. Accordingly, a connected abelian pro-Lie group is a product of a family of copies of the reals and a compact connected abelian group. A topological group is called compactly generated if it is algebraically generated by a compact subset, and a group is called almost connected if the factor group modulo its identity component is compact. It is further shown that a compactly generated abelian pro-Lie group has a characteristic almost connected locally compact subgroup which is a product of a finite number of copies of the reals and a compact abelian group such that the factor group modulo this characteristic subgroup is a compactly generated prodiscrete group without nontrivial compact subgroups.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003000910

Extended Lagrange and penalty functions in optimization

- Rubinov, Alex, Yang, Xiao, Glover, Barney

  • Authors: Rubinov, Alex , Yang, Xiao , Glover, Barney
  • Date: 2001
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications Vol. 111, no. 2 (Nov 2001), p. 381-405
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  • Description: We consider nonlinear Lagrange and penalty functions for optimization problems with a single constraint. The convolution of the objective function and the constraint is accomplished by an increasing positively homogeneous of the first degree function. We study necessary and also sufficient conditions for the validity of the zero duality gap property for both Lagrange and penalty functions and for the exact penalization. We also study the so-called regular weak separation functions.

Unitary anomaly detection for ubiquitous safety in machine health monitoring

- Amar, Muhammad, Gondal, Iqbal, Wilson, Campbell

  • Authors: Amar, Muhammad , Gondal, Iqbal , Wilson, Campbell
  • Date: 2012
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 19th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (INCONIP) p. 361-368
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  • Description: Safety has always been of vital concern in both industrial and home applications. Ensuring safety often requires certain quantifications regarding the inclusive behavior of the system under observation in order to determine deviations from normal behavior. In machine health monitoring, the vibration signal is of great importance for such measurements because it includes abundant information from several machine parts and surroundings that can influence machine behavior. This paper proposes a unitary anomaly detection technique (UAD) that, upon observation of abnormal behavior in the vibration signal, can trigger an alarm with an adjustable threshold in order to meet different safety requirements. The normalized amplitude of spectral contents of the quasi stationary time vibration signal are divided into frequency bins, and the summed amplitudes frequencies over bin are used as features. From a training set consisting of normal vibration signals, Gaussian distribution models are obtained for each feature, which are then used for anomaly detection.

MCMC based Bayesian inference for modelling gene networks

- Ram, Ramesh, Chetty, Madhu

  • Authors: Ram, Ramesh , Chetty, Madhu
  • Date: 2009
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: Pattern Recognition in Bioinformatics p. 293-306
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  • Description: In this paper, we apply Bayesian networks (BN) to infer gene regulatory network (GRN) model from gene expression data. This inference process, consisting of structure search and conditional probability estimation, is challenging due to the size and quality of the data that is currently available. Our previous studies for GRN reconstruction involving evolutionary search algorithm obtained a most plausible graph structure referred as Independence-map (or simply I-map). However, the limitations of the data (large number of genes and less samples) can result in many plausible structures that equally satisfy the data set. In the present study, given the network structures, we estimate the conditional probability distribution of each variable (gene) from the data set to deduce a unique minimal I-map. This is achieved by using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method whereby the search space is iteratively reduced resulting in the required convergence within a reasonable computation time. We present empirical results on both, the synthetic and real-life data sets and also compare our approach with the plain MCMC sampling approach. The inferred minimal I-map on the real-life yeast data set is also presented.

Canonical dual solutions for fixed cost quadratic programs

- Gao, David, Ruan, Ning, Sherali, Hanif

  • Authors: Gao, David , Ruan, Ning , Sherali, Hanif
  • Date: 2010
  • Type: Text , Book chapter
  • Relation: Optimization and Optimal Control p. 139-156
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  • Description: This chapter presents a canonical dual approach for solving a mixed-integer quadratic minimization problem with fixed cost terms. We show that this well-known NP-hard problem in R2n can be transformed into a continuous concave maximization dual problem over a convex feasible subset of R2n with zero duality gap. The resulting canonical dual problem can be solved easily, under certain conditions, by traditional convex programming methods. Both existence and uniqueness of global optimal solutions are discussed. Application to a decoupled mixed-integer problem is illustrated and analytic solutions for both a global minimizer and a global maximizer are obtained. Examples for both decoupled and general nonconvex problems are presented. Furthermore, we discuss connections between the proposed canonical duality theory approach and the classical Lagrangian duality approach. An open problem is proposed for future study.

Implementing and evaluating interventions

- Finch, Caroline

  • Authors: Finch, Caroline
  • Date: 2012
  • Type: Text , Book chapter
  • Relation: Injury research: Theories, methods, and approaches p. 619-639
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  • Description: Real-world implementation of injury prevention interventions and evaluation of their effectiveness need to take into account the broad ecological context in which they are introduced. This chapter provides perspectives and guidance on (1) the design, conduct, and evaluation of studies that are concerned with the effectiveness of injury prevention and safety promotion interventions and (2) research to better understand the context for intervention delivery. It begins with an overview of why research into intervention delivery and evaluation of its outcomes is necessary for the broad field of injury prevention and control. This includes a comparison of the aims and approaches of efficacy and effectiveness studies and the recognized gap between the two. The ecological context for injury prevention is summarized and the implications for intervention delivery and evaluation are described. The chapter then covers key theoretical, conceptual, and methodological issues involved in evaluation research and introduces some of the current thinking about translation research. Particular emphasis is given to Intervention Mapping as a tool to assist in the intervention development process, Diffusion of Innovations theory to guide efforts in the planning of intervention strategies and the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance) health promotion framework and their reported applications to injury prevention interventions to date.

Smart phone based machine condition monitoring system

- Gondal, Iqbal, Yaqub, Muhammad, Hua, Xueliang

  • Authors: Gondal, Iqbal , Yaqub, Muhammad , Hua, Xueliang
  • Date: 2012
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 19th International Conference on Neural Information Processing p. 488-497
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  • Description: Machine condition monitoring has gained momentum over the years and becoming an essential component in the today’s industrial units. A cost effective machine condition monitoring system is need of the hour for predictive maintenance. In this paper, we have developed a machine condition monitoring system using smart phone, thanks to the rapidly growing smart-phone market both in scalability and computational power. In spite of certain hardware limitations, this paper proposes a machine condition monitoring system which has the tendency to acquire data, build the fault diagnostic model and determine the type of the fault in the case of unknown fault signatures. Results for the fault detection accuracy are presented which validate the prospects of the proposed framework in future condition monitoring services.

A new stochastic model based approach for object identification and segmentation in textured color image

- Islam, Mofakharul, Watters, Paul

  • Authors: Islam, Mofakharul , Watters, Paul
  • Date: 2010
  • Type: Text , Book chapter
  • Relation: Technological Developments in Networking, Education and Automation p. 309-314
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  • Description: We investigate and propose a novel stochastic model based approach to implement a robust unsupervised color image content understanding technique that segments a color textured image into its constituent parts automatically and meaningfully. The aim of this work is to detection and identification of different objects in a color image using image segmentation. Image segments or objects are produced using precise color information, texture information and neighborhood relationships among neighboring image pixels. As a whole, in this particular work, the problem we want to investigate is to implement a robust Maximum a posteriori (MAP) based unsupervised color textured image segmentation approach using Cluster Ensembles, MRF model and Daubechies wavelet transform for identification and segmentation of image contents or objects. In addition,Cluster Ensemble has been utilizedfor introducing a robust technique for finding the number of components in an image automatically. The experimental results reveal that the proposed model is able to find the accurate number of objects or components in a color image and can produce more accurate and faithful segmentation of different meaningful objects from relatively complex background. Finally, we have compared our results with another similar existing segmentation approach.

Becoming a teacher educator: Voices of beginning teacher educators

- Swennen, Anja, Shagrir, Leah, Cooper, Maxine

  • Authors: Swennen, Anja , Shagrir, Leah , Cooper, Maxine
  • Date: 2008
  • Type: Text , Book chapter
  • Relation: Becoming a Teacher Educator: Theory and Practice for Teacher Educators p. 91-102
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  • Description: This chapter is about the readers of this book, about the rewards and challenges of beginning teacher educators. As was outlined in the 'Introduction and Overview' of this book, teacher educators are not an easily recognisable group and their problems and rewards during their first years as teacher educators may vary a great deal. Nevertheless, from the limited research that has been done, and from our own experience as teacher educators, we know that the transition from teacher to teacher educator can be more challenging and difficult than beginning teacher educators may expect. This chapter is based on three sources of data. As there has not been a lot of research about beginning teacher educators, we first analysed self-study literature of teacher educators who described their first years in teacher education and the problems they encountered. In their articles, these teacher educators look back and reflect on their transition from teacher to teacher educator. Looking back from a distance gives them a wide perspective on the challenges and problems they encountered. Moreover, these teacher educators were and are involved in self-study and publish about their own development and other issues concerning teacher educators (Guilfoyle, Hamilton, Pinnegar, & Placier, 1995; Knowles & Cole, 1994; Zeichner, 2005). We will refer to these teacher educators as 'the self-study teacher educators'. A second source we drew upon was Australian research on teacher educators and their career trajectories. These narrative and collaborative studies are based on structured and unstructured interviews, written stories, descriptive metaphors of journeys in teacher education, time lines of careers and professional documentation such as curriculum vitas and diaries (Cooper, Ryan, Gay, & Perry, 1999; L. Ling, P. Ling, Burman, & Cooper, 2000; L. Ling, Burman, Cooper, & P. Ling, 2002; Perry & Cooper, 2001). For the purposes of this chapter, we used the data from these studies and focussed on the beginning years of the participants' careers as teacher educators. We will refer to these studies as the 'narrative studies'. A third source we examined was a small-scale study about the induction of beginning teacher educators that was conducted by members of the Research and Development Centre (RDC) 'Professional Development of Teacher Educators', which is one of the many RDCs of the Association of Teacher Education in Europe (ATEE). Eleven members of the RDC, all experienced teacher educators, interviewed 11 beginning colleagues, 8 women and 3 men from 26 to 50 years of age (see for a full description of this study Van Velzen, Van der Klink, Swennen, & Yaffe, 2008). Characteristic of these 11 teacher educators is that they were undergoing their own induction period at the time of the interviews. These beginning teacher educators were not involved in research, let alone self-study about their own development. We will refer to these teacher educators as the 'interviewed teacher educators'. In the chapter, we will describe the transition from teacher to teacher education based on the limited research that is available about this topic. If we want to understand the transition from teacher to teacher educator, we have to understand some of the aspects of the work of teacher educators and we will describe the complexity of the work of teacher educators and the fact that they are always a model for student teachers. We will then describe the main challenges of the beginning teacher educators through the self-study, narrative studies and interviewed teacher educators. These challenges include a heavy teaching workload, pressure to engage research, isolation and a clash of ideas and ideals. Beginning teacher educators do not just face challenges and difficulties; they also experience joys and rewards and these help them to develop their identities as teacher educators. They know about teaching, and this gives them strength to deal with their challenges. Most rewarding, though, is working with students and collaborating with colleagues, and we will describ these aspects of the first years of teacher educators as well. We also discuss if and how beginning teacher educators expand their identity from teacher to teacher educator. As induction for teacher educators is a relatively new idea, beginning teacher educators often have to organise their own networks of support (see Chapter 7). We conclude this chapter with some suggestions for beginning teacher educators on how to organise this support to survive and thrive in the first years as beginning teacher educators and on how to improve and enhance their work and lives as teacher educators.