Erigeron bonariensis, erigeron canadensis, and erigeron sumatrensis
- Authors: Florentine, Singarayer , Humphries, Talia , Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Biology and Management of Problematic Crop Weed Species, 1st Edition Chapter 7 p. 131-149
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The global human population is expected to reach 8-10 billion by 2050. According to the United Nations, this expansion in population is expected to increase food demands by double the current demand by 2050. Consequently, existing food production systems will come under significant strain. Exacerbating this food production problem is that agronomic weed species across the globe are already causing significant impacts on essential grain yields. Over the past decades, to address weed infestations, farmers have been using range of herbicides. However, overuse of these chemicals has resulted in many weed species mutating to a more resistant form. To implement a successful integrated weed management approach in the future, it will be essential to document the changes in ecology and biology of significant weed species. This chapter focuses on the three most globally significant weeds: Erigeron bonariensis, Erigeron canadensis, and Erigeron sumatrensis, summarizing their current global distribution, seed ecology, impacts, control strategies, as well as current herbicide resistance. These three species are causing significant impacts on important agricultural products including corn, soybean, cotton, wheat, chickpea, sorghum, orchards, and vineyards. Addressing the problem of high levels of herbicide resistance within the Erigeron species has been attempted through various solutions, including novel herbicide mixtures and application timing. Targeting these species in their earlier growth stage with herbicide combinations can greatly improve the success of integrated treatments, broadening the options for suitable approaches such as the use of zero or no-till systems. Given that, these species have innate traits including (1) high seed production, (2) low levels of seed dormancy, (3) high emergence rates, (4) efficient seed dispersal mechanisms, and (5) a highly competitive nature. These advantages, coupled with their ability to withstand a range of climatic conditions and their increasing herbicide-resistant biotypes, make them a serious agricultural weed species across the globe. In this chapter, we have synthesized the characteristic biological features and the effectiveness of various control options. Very limited information is available on the ecology and biology of E. sumatrensis. We have, nevertheless, harvested a significant amount of useful information which may assist farmers to effectively develop integrated agricultural management practices to reduce the impacts of these three species in their productive lands. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Agriculture and crop protection its global importance and relationship with climate change
- Authors: Jabran, Khawar , Florentine, Singarayer , Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Crop protection under changing climate Chapter 1 p. 1-16
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Agricultural practice, which includes well-established systems of cropping, pasture and forestry, represents a continual and essential dependence on healthy arable land across the globe and requires safeguarding with sustainable fertilization and pest control measures. This natural resource system must be continually protected from deliberate and inadvertent damage, in order to provide a suitable source of current and future amenities for all inhabitants of the planet. In this respect, it is morally and ethically necessary that we strive to manage the productivity and well-being of agricultural land in a way that will fulfil the necessities of the present generations and do not compromise needs of the future generations (Bruntland et al. 2012).
Assuring crop protection in the face of climate change through an understanding of herbicide metabolisms and enhanced weed control strategies
- Authors: Jabran, Khawar , Florentine, Singarayer , Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Crop protection under changing climate Chapter 2 p. 17-56
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The prevention and management of weeds have been difficult throughout the history of food production. We are now entering into a new era where new challenges are arising more rapidly due in part to the rapid population growth, which places an unprecedented demand upon both natural and agricultural ecosystems to fulfil food, fibre, and feed for at least another two billion people by 2050. Climatic change is associated with a higher frequency of extreme weather events, and it is generally agreed that this will have a drastic impact on ecosystem productivity and biodiversity. The present world atmospheric temperature has increased by 1.0 °C since 1900 with half of this rise coming in the past 30 years. Crop production is directly affected by the direct effects of climate change (temperature and water stress) and indirect effects of increased competition from weeds and other pest species. In a field situation, crop plants are inevitably surrounded by an assemblage of C3 and C4 plants, and a considerable variation in the growth response of weeds to climate change have been reported. In this chapter, we present an overview of the impact of temperature rise, carbon dioxide increase, and changed rainfall patterns on weed composition, distribution, abundance, and our current approaches to weed management. There is a high risk that some weed species will shift their range with the change in temperature and precipitation patterns. The efficacy of chemical weed control depends on the environmental conditions before, during and after the herbicide application. The changes in physiology, morphology, and anatomy of plants will result in altered weed growth, crop-weed competition, and herbicide efficacy under elevated temperature and/or carbon dioxide. Global warming may increase the risk of evolution of nontarget site resistance mechanisms against herbicides in the weed plants and thus decrease herbicide efficacy. The anticipated actions in these areas are also discussed in the end which may enhance our understanding of the impact of climate change on the practice and future of weed management and crop production.
Impacts of climate change on weeds, insect pests, plant diseases and crop yields: Synthesis
- Authors: Jabran, Khawar , Florentine, Singarayer , Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Crop protection under changing climate 6 p. 189-195
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Three distinct components of climate change in the recent times are warming of the earth, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and erratic changes in water availability to plants. These changes in the global climate not only impact the growth and life cycles of plants but also affect their pests. Recent research demonstrates that the effects of climate change on pests, pesticides (their efficacy and post-application chemistry) and pest management are complex. This is important to document changes in the behaviour of pests and pesticides in the wake of climate change and propose pest management strategies accordingly. Nevertheless, non-chemical methods and integrated pest management will play an important role in sustainable pest control under climate change. Further, the effects of climate change factors on crop protection and crop production are desired to be understood in order to maintain the global food supplies and global food security.
Building suitable restoration approaches in the Brownfields
- Authors: Florentine, Singarayer , Graz, Patrick , Doronila, Augustine , Martin, Rachael , Dowling, Kim , Fernando, Nimesha
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Sustainability in the Mineral and Energy Sectors Chapter 13 p. 223-239
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Human activity has, in the recent past resulted in substantial changes in land cover, ecosystem health, and the ability of affected ecosystems to return to their original state. This necessitates further human intervention to recreate the systems functions than the present. Earlier restoration activities have not been documented extensively. This hinders our efforts to identify approaches that might support further work. "From abstract"
Sustainability and Regional Development: When Brownfields become playing fields sustainability in the mineral and energy sectors
- Authors: Dowling, Kim , Florentine, Singarayer , Martin, Rachael , Pearce, Dora
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Sustainability in the Mineral and Energy Sectors Chapter 17 p. 305-321
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Human activity has, in the recent past, resulted in substantial changes in land cover, ecosystem health, and the ability of affected ecosystems to return to their orginal state. This necessitates further human intervention to recreate the systems functions than the present. Earlier restoration activities have not been documented extensively. This hinders our efforts to identify approaches that might support further work. "From Abstract"
After the Goldrush: Developing closure criteria for a mined landscape
- Authors: Dorinila, Augustine , Bellette, Marc , Florentine, Singarayer
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Responsible Mining: case studies in managing social and environmental risks in the developed world Chapter 22 p. 639-662
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Chapter 22 provides an example of variations in local conditions and authorized specifications. The authors present a reclamation case study of an area that was mined 155 years during the gold rush in the state of Victoria, Australia, resulting in significant heavy metal contamination. Using the normal approach of storing the original "natural" vegetation without consideration of ecological differences was not realistic. Measurement of success should cover composition, structure, function and monitoring of invertebrates, because all of these are important components of the ecosystem. This 10 year field trial concluded that (1) only hard seeds survive the pressure of being entombed in stockpiles, so soil should be used soon after stripping to maximize recruitment and diversity; (2) appropriate criteria should be employed for mined sites, especially tailings facilities, with the objective of reverting these to sef-sustaining ecosystems; and (3) future projects should include variables, such as indices of diversity within the ecosystem attributes and at least two reference sites, to suitably portray the ecosystem variation. The authors also discuss how environmental legislation should be based on the ecological settings of the area.
- Description: Chapter 22 provides an example of variations in local conditions and authorized specifications. The authors present a reclamation case study of an area that was mined 155 years during the gold rush in the state of Victoria, Australia, resulting in significant heavy metal contamination. Using the normal approach of storing the original "natural" vegetation without consideration of ecological differences was not realistic. Measurement of success should cover composition, structure, function and monitoring of invertebrates, because all of these are improtant components of the ecosystem. This 10 year field trial concluded that (1) only hard seeds survive the pressure of being entombed in stockpiles, so soil should be used soon after stripping to maximize recruitment and diversity; (2) appropriate criteria should be employed for mined sites, especially tailings facilities, with the objective of reverting these to sef-sustaining ecosystems; and (3) future projects should include variables, such as indices of diversity within the ecosystem attributes and at least two reference sites, to suitably portray the ecosystem variation. The authors also discuss how environmental legislation should be based on the ecological settings of the area.
Collembola (Springtails)
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope , Florentine, Singarayer
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: The distributions of invertebrate species along the Warra/Mt Weld altitudinal transect 2001/2002 and identification of taxa restricted by altitude (part of the Nature Conservation Report Series 13/4) Chapter 6 p.1-73
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Summary 1. The distributions of Collembola on the Warra-Mount Weld Altitudinal Transect were investigated based on samples taken from February–April 2001, November–December 2001 and January– February 2002. 2. The Collembola of the Warra-Mount Weld Altitudinal Transect was species rich with more than 40 species collected; the majority of species recorded have not been described. 3. Most of the species collected are considered endemic to Tasmania and some endemic genera were present. 4. The Malaise traps performed well indicating that a suite of species are arboreal and highly vagile. 5. No exotic (introduced, alien) species were detected in this study indicating that the area sampled has been little disturbed and is of high conservation value. 6. Altitudinal trends were evident with a small number of species only occurring at the high altitudes and others only at low altitudes. Only a few species appeared to occur at all altitudes sampled. 7. Ordination plots showed that Collembola assemblages at lower altitude sites on the Warra transect were more similar to each other than those at the higher altitude sites on Mount Weld which formed three clusters: 1100; 1200 and 1300 m; and 800, 900 and 1000 m. 8. Mount Weld sites 600 and 700 m faunas were most similar to Warra sites so forming a continuum in altitudinal zonation between Warra and Mount Weld. 9. PERMANOVA analysis of monthly pitfall catches in 2001 and 2002 showed differences between months and altitudes on both transects and that the differences between months were more distinct at the lower altitude Warra sites than on the higher altitude Mount Weld sites. This difference was particularly marked for the month of February, which was the only month surveyed in both years. 10.Much of the change in faunal assemblages along the Warra and Mount Weld altitudinal transect seemed to be the result of changes in vegetation cover. The most abrupt faunal transitions took place across the tree line between 1000 and 1100 m and a smaller change from lowland forest to subalpine woodland on the Mount Weld transect. 11.Much material in the pitfalls was in very poor condition because of the long trapping time with unsuitable preservative so could not be identified to species but rough estimates were made of numbers of individuals in each family or genus.