A multilevel longitudinal study of obsessive compulsive symptoms in adolescence: Male gender and emotional stability as protective factors
- Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Moore, Kathleen , Lazaratou, Helen , Dikeos, Dimitris , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Annals of General Psychiatry Vol. 16, no. 42 (2017), p.1-12
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- Description: The severity of obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) is suggested to be normally distributed in the general population, and they appear to have an impact on a range of aspects of adolescent development. Importantly, there are individual differences regarding susceptibility to OCS. In the present repeated measures study, OCS were studied in relation to gender and emotional stability (as a personality trait) using a normative sample of 515 adolescents at ages 16 and 18 years. OCS were assessed with the relevant subscale of the SCL-90-R and emotional stability with the Five Factor Questionnaire. A three-level hierarchical linear model was calculated to longitudinally assess the over time variations of OCS and their over time links to gender and emotional stability, while controlling for random effects due to the nesting of the data. Experiencing OCS increased with age (between 16 and 18 years). Additionally, male gender and higher emotional stability were associated with lower OCS at 16 years and these remained stable over time. Results indicate age-related and between individual differences on reported OCS that need to be considered for prevention and intervention planning.
A multitrait-multisource confirmatory factor analytic approach to the construct validity of ADHD and ODD rating scales with Malaysian children
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James , Hafetz, Nina
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Vol. 33, no. 2 (2005), p. 241-254
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- Description: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to model a multitrait by multisource matrix to determine the convergent and discriminant validity of measures of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in 917 Malaysian elementary school children. The three trait factors were ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD. The two source factors were parents and teachers. Similar to earlier studies with Australian and Brazilian children, the parent and teacher measures failed to show convergent and discriminant validity with Malaysian children. The study outlines the implications of such strong source effects in ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD measures for the use of such parent and teacher scales to study the symptom dimensions. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001246
A multitrait-multisource confirmatory factor analytic approach to the construct validity of ADHD rating scales
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James , De Moura, Marcela Alves
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 15, no. 1 (2003), p. 3-16
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- Description: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to model a multitrait-multisource design to evaluate the construct validity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scales. The 2 trait factors were the ADHD inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions. The 2 source factors were parents and teachers. In Study 1, parents and teachers rated 1,475 Australian elementary school children on the ADHD symptoms. In Study 2, parents and teachers rated 285 Brazilian elementary school children on the ADHD symptoms. Similar results occurred in both studies with most of the ADHD symptoms containing more source than trait variance, thus providing weak evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the symptoms as measured by rating scales. The study outlines the implications of such strong source effects for understanding ADHD.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000493
A reevaluation of the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the spiritual well-being questionnaire (SWBQ)
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Religion and Health Vol. 62, no. 3 (2023), p. 2112-2130
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- Description: The 20-item Gomez and Fisher (Personal Individ Differ 35:1975–1991, 2003) Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ) is a widely used measure of spiritual well-being. Its theoretical model is a higher-order model with primary factors for personal, communal, environmental, and transcendental well-being, and a secondary global spiritual well-being factor. The current study, conducted in Australia, reevaluated the factor structure of the SWBQ. Unlike previous studies, the current study also used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine the factor structure of the SWBQ and selected the preferred model using not only global model fit values, but also the clarity, reliabilities, and validities of the factors in the models. A total of 227 adults (males = 63; females = 164; M age = 26.1 years; SD = 5.2 years) completed the SWBQ. Based on the model selection criteria applied in the study, the ESEM model with four group factors was selected as the preferred model. However, there was also adequate support for the proposed theoretical higher-order model and the first-order oblique model with the four well-being factors. Concerning our preferred model, its factors showed reasonable clarity for factor loadings and (omega) reliabilities. However, only the communal domain scale was supported empirically for external validity. The implications of the findings for the theoretical model, the use of the SWBQ, and future studies are discussed. In this respect, there are three potential models (theorized higher-order model, 4-factor first-order oblique model, and the ESEM model proposed in this study) that warrant further detailed investigation with a larger, more representative population and additional validation measures. © 2022, The Author(s).
ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder symptoms in Australian adults : Descriptive scores, incidence rates, factor structure, and gender invariance
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Attention Disorders Vol. 20, no. 4 (2016), p. 325-334
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- Description: OBJECTIVE: ADHD and Hyperkinetic Disorder (HKD) have the same 18 symptoms, covering inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HYP), and impulsivity (IMP). This study was aimed at providing descriptive scores for the different symptom groups in these disorders and how these scores varied by age and gender, the percentages of individuals meeting the symptom thresholds for the different ADHD types and HKD, the factor structure, and gender invariance of these symptoms in adults. METHOD: To accomplish this, 852 adults provided self-ratings for a scale comprising the 18 ADHD/HKD symptoms. RESULTS: The findings showed that age and gender had minimal effects on the ADHD symptoms. Also, in terms of symptom counts, 2% had HKD and 6.3% had ADHD (inattentive = 1.6%, hyperactive-impulsive = 2.7%, and combined type = 2.0%). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided most support for the three-factor HKD model, involving separate factors for the IA, HYP, and IMP symptoms. This model showed full measurement invariance across gender. CONCLUSION: The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
ADHD and personality : A meta-analytic review
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Corr, Philip
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Clinical Psychology Review Vol. 34, no. 5 (2014), p. 376-788
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- Description: We report a meta-analysis of up to 40 data sets that examined the personality dimensions in the Five-Factor Model (FFM) and the integrated Five-Factor Model (IFFM) in relation to ADHD symptom domains of inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI). The IFFM incorporated the dimensions of other personality models (in particular, those of Eysenck, Tellegen, and Cloninger, as well as the FFM). Major findings were: (1) IA and HI were both associated with low conscientious inhibition/conscientiousness, and low agreeable inhibition/agreeableness, and with high negative emotionality/neuroticism; (2) conscientious inhibition and conscientiousness were more strongly related to IA than HI; (3) agreeable inhibition and agreeableness were more strongly related to HI than IA; and (4) the association of conscientious inhibition and conscientiousness with HI was moderated by age group and source from where participants were recruited (associations were stronger in children than adults, and clinical samples than community samples). These findings are discussed in relation to single and multiple pathway theories, underlying factors and processes for the personality-ADHD link, and clinical implications.
ADHD bifactor model based on parent and teacher ratings of Malaysian children
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Asian Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 8, no. 1 (2014), p. 47-51
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ADHD symptoms among adolescents : measurement invariance across mother and adolescent self-ratings
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Houghton, Stephen
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 213, no. (2023), p.
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- Description: This study employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) across mother and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms [inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM)] as presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS; Barkley & Murphy, 1998). The ADHD model used for this analysis was the ICD-10 3-factor model, with factors for IA, HY and IM. Findings supported configural invariance. Of the 18 ADHD symptoms, 4 symptoms (three of which were IA symptoms) lacked metric invariance. Nine thresholds (1 IA symptom, 6 HY symptoms, and 2 IM symptoms) lacked scalar invariance, with six being for the first thresholds. The psychometric and practical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2023 The Authors
Adolescent popularity : distinct profiles and associations with excessive internet usage and interpersonal sensitivity
- Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Barber, Emily , de Sena Collier, Gabriel , Snodgrass, Jeffrey , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Child Psychiatry and Human Development Vol. 53, no. 6 (2022), p. 1097-1109
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- Description: Peer popularity constitutes a pivotal developmental task to adolescents’ current and future adaptation. This study identified distinct adolescent popularity profiles and explored their links with excessive Internet usage and interpersonal sensitivity. The sample included 2090 students attending Greek high schools (Mage = 16.16, SD = 0.91). Their popularity was measured via self-report and peer sociometric means. They also responded to the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the Interpersonal Sensitivity subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). A sequence of latent profile analysis, ANOVAs and linear regression models were performed. Three distinct popularity profiles were revealed: the “Average Confident” (68.4%), the “Socially Vulnerable” (26.8%), and the “Insecure Bi-Strategic” (4.8%). These profiles did not significantly vary regarding their Internet usage and interpersonal sensitivity behaviours. Interestingly, lower self-perceived popularity predicted higher interpersonal sensitivity, whereas higher actual popularity predicted excessive Internet use. Findings have important implications for student-tailored mental health prevention and intervention practices. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Adolescent pornography use : A systematic literature review of research trends 2000-2017
- Authors: Alexandraki, Kyriaki , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Anderson, Emma , Latifi, Mohammad , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Current Psychiatry Reviews Vol. 14, no. 1 (2018), p. 47-58
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- Description: Background: Pornography Use (PU) has been defined as the viewing of explicit materials in the form of pictures and videos, in which people are performing intercourse with clearly exposed and visible genitals. The prevalence of PU has increased dramatically among adolescents, partly attributed to the wide availability of such online material. Objective: The aim of this systematic literature review is to map the research interest in the field and to examine whether statistically significant results have emerged from the areas of research focus. Methods: To address these aims: a) the PRISMA guidelines are adopted and; b) an integrative conceptualization (derived from the merging of two widely accepted models of understanding of Internet use behaviours) was introduced to guide the synthesis of the findings. Results: In total, 57 studies were integrated into the present literature review. Findings were concep-tualized/ classified into individual, contextual and activity factors related to PU in adolescence. In that context, individual associated factors, such as development, victimization, mental health and religiosity, appear to have primarily captivated research interest demonstrating significant relationships with adolescent PU. Conclusion: Results indicate that more research focus on contextual and activity related factors is required to improve the level of understanding of adolescent PU and to inform a more holistic conceptual framework of understanding of the phenomenon during adolescence that could potentially guide future research.
Agreement of adolescent ratings with mother ratings and teacher ratings of ADHD symptom groups: A correlated trait-correlated method minus one analysis
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Gomez, Andre
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 82, no. (2015), p. 131-135
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- Description: This study examined the level of agreement of adolescent ratings with mother ratings, and adolescent ratings with teacher ratings of the inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) symptom groups of ADHD. A total of 214 adolescents provided self-ratings of IA and HI, and their IA and HI were also rated by their mothers and teachers. The correlated trait-correlated method minus one model was applied, with adolescent ratings as the reference method, and the other two ratings as the non-reference methods. The findings indicated no additional variance in adolescent ratings for IA and HI that could not be accounted by mother ratings of IA and HI, respectively. In contrast, there was additional variance in adolescent ratings for IA and HI that could was not accounted by teacher ratings of IA and HI, respectively. The findings suggest that when diagnosing ADHD in adolescents, their reports of their own ADHD behaviors are not needed when mother reports of such behaviors are used. © 2015.
An item response theory analysis of measures of the behavioural activation and inhibition systems
- Authors: Cooper, Andrew , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Psychology Vol. 39, no. 5-6 (Oct-Dec 2004), p. 194-194
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- Description: C1
An item response theory analysis of the Carver and White (1994) BIS/BAS Scales
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Cooper, Andrew , Gomez, Andre
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 39, no. 6 (2005), p. 1093-1103
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- Description: The Carver and White BIS/BAS Scales comprise a scale for measuring behavioural inhibition sensitivity and three scales for measuring the behavioural activation sensitivity factors of reward responsiveness, drive and fun seeking. Item response theory (IRT), using Samejima's (1969) graded response model, was used to examine the psychometric properties of these four scales. A total of 520 adult participants completed the BIS/BAS Scales. Although all items in all four scales were reasonably effective in discriminating their respective traits, they provided good measures of their respective latent traits from only moderately low to moderately high trait levels. Also, the category response curves for the first three of the four response options for the items in the reward responsiveness scale showed considerable overlap. These findings suggest some limitations in the psychometric qualities of the BIS/BAS Scale. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001244
Analysis of the convergent and discriminant validity of the CBCL, TRF, and YSR in a clinic-referred sample
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Gomez, Rashika
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Vol. 42, no. 8 (2014), p. 1413-1425
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- Description: This study used the correlated trait-correlated method minus one model to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Teacher's Report Form (TRF) and Youth Self-Report (YSR), based on ratings of clinic-referred adolescents. A total of 294 adolescents, comprising 70.5 % males, provided self-ratings on the YSR. The adolescents were also rated by their mothers and teachers on the CBCL and TRF respectively. The findings indicated some support for convergent validity for the CBCL and TRF for Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed and Rule Breaking Behavior, and for the convergent validity for the CBCL and YSR for Rule Breaking Behavior. There was support for the discriminant validity between virtually all the traits. The findings are discussed in relation to the construct validity, cross-informant agreement, and clinical use of the CBCL, TRF and YSR.
Association of fear of negative evaluation with performance anxiety : mediation by negative self-statements and moderation by positive self-statements during performance in adults
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Brown, Taylor
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Vol. 45, no. 3 (2023), p. 650-658
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- Description: Using individual differences constructs, the current study used cross-sectional data to examine the mediating role of negative self-statements during public speaking on the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and public speaking anxiety (a type of performance anxiety), and how this relationship was moderated by positive self-statements during public performance. The sample comprised 319 adults (men = 105, women = 214) from the general Australian community, with ages ranging from 18 years to 65 years. All participants completed questionnaires covering the different study variables. The findings showed that there was partial mediation by negative self-statements on the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and performance anxiety. There were also moderation effects by positive self-statements for this relationship. Additionally, moderation by positive self-statements was evident at all levels of positive self-statements. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings for public speaking anxiety are discussed. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Associations between comorbid stress and internet gaming disorder symptoms : are there cultural and gender variations?
- Authors: Andreetta, Jesse , Teh Msc, Justin , Burleigh, Tyrone , Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Asia-Pacific Psychiatry Vol. 12, no. 2 (2020), p.
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- Description: Introduction: The American Psychiatric Association has requested additional studies examine risk, protective, and cultural factors in relation to Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). The present study aimed to explore the association between stress as a potential IGD risk effect, the possible exacerbating role of cultural orientation (vertical individualism [VI]), and how this may vary between genders. Methods: The sample included adult gamers from the USA, UK, and Australia. Analyses were conducted via linear regression, moderation, and moderated moderation. Results: The results suggested that higher stress symptoms act to increase IGD risk. Gender and VI also influenced this association. Discussion: Males presenting with higher levels of stress and VI were at greater risk of IGD compared to females who exhibited a reduction in IGD-related behaviors. This demonstrates a need for more research to determine how culture and gender can act to mitigate or worsen the risks associated with excessive gaming. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
Associations of behavioral inhibition system with negatively biased social cognitions : moderation by the behavioral approach system
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 166, no. (2020), p.
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- Description: Using the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) subscales of the BIS/BAS Scales (Carver & White, 1994), this study examined how the association of the BIS and the negatively biased social cognitions of social comparison, social ineptness, negative self-statements, and fear of negative evaluation, were moderated by BAS-Drive and BAS-Reward Responsiveness. A total of 302 (males = 101, females = 201) adults (age ranging from 18 to 65 years) from the general community completed questionnaires covering the different study variables. The findings indicted moderation by BAS-D for the predictions of social comparison, social ineptness, and negative self-statements, and moderation by BAS-RR for the predictions of social ineptness, negative self-statements, and fear of negative evaluation. For moderation effects, moderation was present at lower levels of BAS-D, and at higher levels of BAS-RR. © 2020
Associations of reinforcement sensitivity theory personality constructs, cognitive biases for negative and threatening social information, and social anxiety
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Typuszak, Natasha
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Current Psychology Vol. 42, no. 17 (2023), p. 14159-14170
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- Description: Background: Using Kimbrel’s (2008) mediation model of social anxiety as a theoretical framework, the primary aim of the current study was to use path analysis to examine how biased cognitions for negative and threatening social information mediated the relationships for the personality constructs of the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) with generalized and specific social anxiety (target mediation model). A secondary aim was to examine reverse mediation testing (RMT) models, in which the social anxiety constructs were viewed as mediating the relations between RST constructs and biased social cognition constructs. Methods: A total of 302 (males = 101, females = 201) adults (age ranging from 18 to 65 years) from the general community completed questionnaires measuring the behavioral inhibition system/fight-flight-freeze system (BIS/FFFS), the behavioral approach system (BAS), social comparison (SC), social ineptness (SI), and generalized and specific social anxiety. Results: The findings for the target mediation model showed that there was support for indirect effects for the BIS/FFFS and the BAS on generalized and specific social anxiety through SC and SI. For the RMT model, there was support for the indirect effect of the RST constructs with SI through generalized social anxiety. However, specific generalized anxiety did not mediate the relations of the BIS/FFFS and BAS to SC. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of cognitive therapy that targets SC and SI in the treatment of social anxiety, especially among those with high BIS/FFFS and low BAS. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Associations of UPPS-P negative urgency and positive urgency with ADHD dimensions : moderation by lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance in men and women
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 206, no. (2023), p.
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- Description: The study examined how dimensions of Whiteside and Lynam's (2003) UPPS-P model of impulsivity (lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, negative urgency, and positive urgency) were associated directly and interactively with the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in men and women separately. A total of 550 adults (men = 147, women = 403), ages ranging from 18 to 65 years, from the general community completed questionnaires covering the study variables. For women, there was support for the additive model for the prediction of inattention, and both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were predicted by lack of premeditation × positive urgency. For men, inattention was predicted by lack of premeditation × negative urgency, and lack of premeditation × positive urgency. In all instances, low levels of premeditation reduced the relationships between the urgency dimensions and ADHD dimensions. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2023 The Author(s)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in an adult sample : Associations with cloninger's temperament and character dimensions
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Woodworth, Rosalind , Waugh, Megan , Corr, Philip
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 52, no. 3 (2012), p. 290-294
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- Description: Relationships between C.R. Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions and the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms of inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) were examined in 231 adults from the general population. Regression analyses that predicated overall ADHD, IA and HI by the seven temperament/character dimensions revealed: IA was predicted positively by Harm Avoidance and negatively by Self-Directedness; HI was predicted positively by Persistence; and overall ADHD was predicted negatively by Self-Directedness. These findings are also interpreted in terms of current theories of ADHD, and the related original and revised versions of Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) of personality. © 2011.