Biology, affinity and description of an unusual aquatic new genus and species of isotomidae (collembola) from high altitude lakes in Tasmania
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope , Potapov, Mikhail
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: European Journal of Entomology Vol. 112, no. 2 (2015), p. 334-343
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: A new species of Isotomidae (Collembola) was collected from submerged stones on the edge of nine lakes on Tasmania's Central Highland Plateau. Because it did not comply fully with the characters of any existing genus, a new genus, Chionobora gen. n. is erected for it here. An Antarctic species, Desoria klovstadi (Carpenter), has characters which conform with the new genus so is formally transferred to the new genus here. The Antarctic Continent and Tasmania were last in proximity 60 million years b.p. so it is suggested both species are relicts persisting in probable ice-free refugia during glacial cycles. Gut contents of specimens of the new species exclusively contained diatoms in various stages of digestion and the species appears to graze on aquatic macrophytes, a feeding habit not recorded before for Collembola. We note the high numbers of endemic invertebrate taxa of restricted distributions in cold habitats of southern regions compared to warmer regions and stress their conservation values and threats to their populations.
Collembola in Southland beech litter and soil
- Authors: Phillips, Craig , Brown, Samuel , Greenslade, Penelope , Reay, Stephen , Allen, Robert , Easdale, Tomás , Dickie, Ian
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: New Zealand Entomologist Vol. 38, no. 2 (2015), p. 79-87
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Collembola were sampled from litter and soil in two regrowth Lophozonia menziesii (silver beech) forests situated 25 km apart in Southland, New Zealand, as part of a larger study investigating the ecological effects of selective timber harvesting. Over 2000 specimens were collected, representing three orders, 10 families, ≥ 20 genera and ≥ 23 species. Seventeen taxa were morphologically identified at least to genus. Sequencing within the barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene provided diagnostic sequences for many of the taxa, which will assist future identifications. Species belonging to the genera Quatacanthella Salmon and Spinotheca Stach, which are rarely collected in New Zealand, were present in the samples, as was the introduced species Hypogastrura purpurescens (Lubbock). The genus Vitronura Yosii is recorded in New Zealand for the first time. © 2015 AgResearch Ltd.
Effects of season and management of irrigated cotton fields on Collembola (Hexapoda) in New South Wales, Australia
- Authors: Lytton-Hitchins, James , Greenslade, Penelope , Wilson, Lewis
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Environmental Entomology Vol. 44, no. 3 (2015), p. 529-545
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The effects of production practices on the relative abundance of springtails (Collembola) in irrigated cotton fields of northern New South Wales (NSW) were studied over 2 yr to examine effects of farm management on these decomposer organisms. Pitfall trapping and soil core extraction was undertaken in both pseudoreplicated plots within whole fields on cotton farms and on experimental replicate plots of Envirofeast cotton and Lucerne. The relative abundance of surface-active springtails in cotton rows and densities of soil species from the rhizosphere were calculated. Twenty-three species of Collembola were collected from 5 fields, 19 in pitfall traps, and 11 in soil cores. Five species, Setogaster sp. , Proisotoma minuta, Entomobrya unostrigata, Entomobrya multifasciata grp, and Lepidobrya sp. were numerically dominant on the ground at 86–96% of individuals and Mesaphorura sp., Folsomides parvulus , and Hemisotoma thermophila grp dominant in the soil. Native grassland samples contained 15 species of which a probable 10 were native and 8 were not found in cotton. Nineteen species of the 24 species identified from cotton were predominantly fungal feeders. Highest catches of Collembola occurred after flowering and soil Collembola increased with depth and during cotton growth on unsprayed plots but decreased on sprayed plots. Surface soil moistures affected daily catch rates with decomposing residues, crop stage, predator abundance, and season as secondary factors. Insecticide (endosulfan, pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate) and predator effects were either negligible or unclear depending on the factor involved. Springtails appear to be predominately food limited during times of adequate soil moisture in cotton fields.
Skadisotoma, a new genus of Isotomidae (Collembola) from Australia
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope , Fjellberg, Arne
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Zootaxa Vol. 3972, no. 4 (2015), p. 573-580
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: A new species and genus, Skadisotoma inpericulosa, is described from south-eastern Australia. It possesses some characters that are found in Tomoceridae, such as a long cylindrical dens that is medially bent and a mucro with at least six teeth of different sizes and three setae but in other characters it resembles an isotomid. In this it shows similarities to the Boreal genus Mucronia Fjellberg, but differs from it in the possession of spines on the dens and in some chaetotaxic characters.
Synonymy of two monobasic Anurophorinae genera (Collembola: Isotomidae) from the Antarctic Continent
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: New Zealand Entomologist Vol. 38, no. 2 (2015), p. 134-141
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Two monotypic endemic genera, Gressittacantha and Neocryptopygus, from Continental Antarctica, and erected on a single character respectively, are here synonymised with Cryptopygus, a genus with two already described species on the Antarctic Continent. A table of diagnostic characters for the now four Cryptopygus species from the Antarctic Continent is provided and comments made on habitats and Antarctic collembolan diversity. A possible new species of Cryptopygus from the Antarctic Continent is foreshadowed.
The genus Drepanura (Collembola: Entomobryidae) in Australia: descriptions of two new species and redescriptions of five known species
- Authors: Ma, Yitong , Chun, Zhao , Greenslade, Penelope
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Zootaxa Vol. 4058, no. 3 (2015), p. 373-387
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Seven Australian species of the genus Drepanura are reported. Two of the seven are new and five are redescribed. The new species are: D. liuae sp. nov. and D. polychaeta sp. nov. Redescriptions are given for D. albocoerulea (Schött, 1917), D. cinquilineata Womersley, 1934, D. citricola Womersley, 1934, D. cobaltina (Schött, 1917) and D. coeruleopicta (Schött, 1917). The chaetotaxy is described and a key to the Australian species of the genus is given.
Towards understanding Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) I : Diagnosis of the subgenus Setogaster, new records and redescriptions of species
- Authors: Mateos, Eduardo , Greenslade, Penelope
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Zootaxa Vol. 4044, no. 1 (2015), p. 105-129
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The taxonomic status of the subgenera of Lepidocyrtus Bourlet is confused. Currently ten subgenera are recognised but their separation, using the existing set of diagnostic characters, is not clear. Collections over the last forty years have shown that species of Setogaster Salmon, originally described as a genus (Trichogaster Handschin) and currently considered a subgenus of Lepidocyrtus, are common and widespread in Australia. The diagnostic characters of Setogaster, as given by Handschin, are: 1) the basal mucronal spine with spinelet; 2) lack of scales on antennae, legs, ventral tube and dorsal region of manubrium; and, for some species, 3) tufts of long filaments laterally on abdomen III. These three diagnostic characters for Setogaster are shared with some other subgenera, making their delimitation unclear. We provide here an array of new characters that are associated with Handschin's characters which separate Setogaster from all European species of the subgenera Lanocyrtus and Lepidocyrtus s. str. On this basis we define subgenus Setogaster more in detail, redescribe some species in the subgenus, corroborate the presence of the subgenus in many Australian localities, and confirm three records of exotic, introduced species in Australia. Lepidocyrtus nigrofasciatus Womersley, Lepidocyrtus praecisus Schott, and the Hawaiian Lepidocyrtus kuakea Christiansen & Bellinger, are placed in Setogaster subgenus; Lepidocyrtus (Trichogaster) pallida Salmon from Singapore is placed in the subgenus Acrocyrtus; Merapicyrtus Yoshii & Suhardjono is considered a synonym of Setogaster. Erratum: Towards understanding Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) II: New Australian species (Zootaxa (2021) 4981 (365-387) DOI: 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.4981.2.9). On page 365, please include additional address for Penelope Greenslade: School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Mt Helen, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. © 2021 Magnolia Press.
- Description: The taxonomic status of the subgenera of Lepidocyrtus Bourlet is confused. Currently ten subgenera are recognised but their separation, using the existing set of diagnostic characters, is not clear. Collections over the last forty years have shown that species of Setogaster Salmon, originally described as a genus (Trichogaster Handschin) and currently considered a subgenus of Lepidocyrtus, are common and widespread in Australia. The diagnostic characters of Setogaster, as given by Handschin, are: 1) the basal mucronal spine with spinelet; 2) lack of scales on antennae, legs, ventral tube and dorsal region of manubrium; and, for some species, 3) tufts of long filaments laterally on abdomen III. These three diagnostic characters for Setogaster are shared with some other subgenera, making their delimitation unclear. We provide here an array of new characters that are associated with Handschin's characters which separate Setogaster from all European species of the subgenera Lanocyrtus and Lepidocyrtus s. str. On this basis we define subgenus Setogaster more in detail, redescribe some species in the subgenus, corroborate the presence of the subgenus in many Australian localities, and confirm three records of exotic, introduced species in Australia. Lepidocyrtus nigrofasciatus Womersley, Lepidocyrtus praecisus Schott, and the Hawaiian Lepidocyrtus kuakea Christiansen & Bellinger, are placed in Setogaster subgenus; Lepidocyrtus (Trichogaster) pallida Salmon from Singapore is placed in the subgenus Acrocyrtus; Merapicyrtus Yoshii & Suhardjono is considered a synonym of Setogaster.
Updating the New Zealand checklist of Collembola : A synonymy and new combinations
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: New Zealand Journal of Zoology Vol. 42, no. 4 (2015), p. 259-269
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The New Zealand checklist of Collembola was prepared 10 years ago but only published in 2012 (Greenslade P 2012. Collembola. In: Gordon DP ed. The New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: a species 2000 symposium review. Volume 1, Animalia. Christchurch, Canterbury University Press. Pp. 237-243). Since 2004, a number of changes in the species list, both additions and deletions, have been published but they are scattered in disparate journals. Also, new synonymies and new combinations have become evident. Here, I gather these findings together in a single article, thus making them available. I synonymise Sminthurus multidentatus with S. viridis and remove the subfamily Uchidanurinae from the list, transferring its New Zealand and Australian species to the subfamily Pseudachorutinae. Other already published new records, corrected identifications and new combinations are listed here including some additions to the description of the type and only species Clavaphorura septemseta of its New Zealand endemic genus. The total number of species known from New Zealand is now 350, with 101 genera. The number of families remains at 18 but the number of subfamilies falls from six to five. I document them here with a new synonym and combination.
Australian springtails : Tiny titans of the earth
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Wildlife Australia Vol. 51, no. 1 (2014), p. 9-13
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: They are champion leapers and diligent composters, living beneath your feet. Meet Australia's springtails with zoologist Penelope Greenslade.
Changes in dominance of dipteran families on Coral Sea cays over ten years during a period of substantial vegetation change
- Authors: Rich, Deborah , Greenslade, Penelope , Bickel, Dan
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Northern Territory Naturalist Vol. 25, no. (2014), p. 64-76
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The habitat on the Coringa-Herald group of coral cays within the northern Coral Sea underwent profound change after about 2000 because of extensive dieback of the dominant forest trees. This work summarises surveys on these cays in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 2007, in order to understand the effect on the native insect fauna of the introduced biological control agent, the non-specific predatory ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), that was liberated to control scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) whose infestation was responsible for the dieback of the forest trees. This paper documents the families of Diptera (flies) collected on the surveys and it records changes in presence and abundance of Chloropidae, Phoridae, Sarcophagidae, Canacidae, Lonchaeidae and Chironomidae sampled in pitfall traps and yellow pans. Despite some differences in collecting methods and seasons between surveys, there is evidence of substantial changes in the presence and relative abundance of these families. The decline of several families on Coringa Cay and on North East Herald Cay between 1995/96 and 2007 could be the result of a trophic cascade of species loss following tree dieback. One of the most conspicuous changes was that Chloropidae increased on North East Herald Cay between 1997 and 2007 following increases in populations of scale insects, but chloropids are not thought to have had a direct role in the control of scale insects.
Description and conservation status of a new species of Australotomurus (collembola: Entomobryidae: Orchesellinae) from urban Perth remnant bushland
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope , Jordana, Rafael
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Zootaxa Vol. 3872, no. 5 (2014), p. 561-576
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: A new species of the Australian endemic genus Australotomurus Stach, 1947 A. morbidus sp. nov., is described from four urban remnants in Perth. Australotomurus morbidus sp. nov. is the first species in the genus found to possess male sec-ondary sexual characters on antennal segment III as well as I. The males of all other described species in the genus occur-ring in south-eastern Australia have secondary sexual characters on antennal segments I and II rather than I and III. Typical habitats for Australotomurus species are long undisturbed native grasslands and heathland at low and high elevations. The new species extends the known distribution of the genus ca. 2,000 km west. Australotomurus morbidus sp. nov. is the only species in the genus currently vulnerable to extinction because of its restricted distribution to only four localities, all of which are subject to considerable human disturbance. This species was listed as critically endangered when it was known (but not yet described) from only one locality but was delisted a few years later when three other locations for the species were found. The history and records of A. morbidus sp. nov. suggest that listing species using current Western Australian legislation does not necessarily protect vulnerable species. The new species is described here and new records for some other Australian species of Orchesellinae provided, including the first Australian record of Heteromurus major (Moniez, 1889). Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press.
Measuring changes in molecular and geographical distribution after forty years of a possible endemic genus of South Australian Collembola (Springtail)
- Authors: Stevens, Mark , Greenslade, Penelope , Porco, David
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The South Australian Naturalist Vol. 87, no. 1 (2014), p. 18-21
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: In the early 1970s several slides of an unusual Collembola (Springtail), labelled from Muston, Kangaroo Island by Herbert Womersley in 1943, were found in the South Australian Museum. These slides were in poor condition and were labelled "Ceratrimeria cooperi" but the species was never described. Extensive collections in South Australia throughout the 1970s and early 1980s showed that the species occurred fairly widely in the State, and it seemed to be most abundant on Kangaroo Island. Later taxonomic work on the related genus Ceratrimeria and allied genera in Australia has indicated that the South Australian species belonged to a new genus, possibly one of the few genera of Collembola likely to be endemic to South Australia.
Biology and key to the Australian species of Hypogastura and Ceratophysella (Collembola: Hypogastruridae)
- Authors: Ireson, John , Skarzynski, Dariusz , Greenslade, Penelope
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Austral Entomology Vol. 53, no. 74 (2013), p. 53-74
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The family Hypogastruridae is represented by nine genera in Australia, three of which: Mesogastrura Bonet, Hypogastrura Bourlet and Ceratophysella Börner, consist only of species that have been probably introduced from Europe within the last 250 years, with the exception of a new species described here. All species in these three genera are typical of, and abundant in, disturbed habitats. The 11 species currently recorded from Australia in Hypogastrura and Ceratophysella are C. communis (Folsom, 1897), C. denticulata (Bagnall, 1941), C. gibbosa (Bagnall, 1940), C. succinea (Gisin, 1949), Hypogastrura assimilis (Krausbauer, 1898), H. distincta (Axelson, 1902), H. manubrialis (Tullberg, 1869), H. purpurescens (Lubbock, 1867, H. vernalis (Carl, 1901) and H. viatica (Tullberg, 1872), and a new species C. pauciseta sp. nov. Ceratophysella communis was misidentified in some published literature as C. engadinensis Gisin, 1949. Although C. communis is confirmed as occurring in Australia, there now seems to be no evidence that C. engadinensis occurs here, and the name H. denticulata may include more than one species. An illustrated dichotomous key and description is given here for all Australian species of Hypogastrura and Ceratophysella, and their distributions and habitats documented. Their value as indicators of disturbed habitats in Australia is discussed. Collembola in general have been shown to have a positive influence on nutrient cycling. It is not known what contribution Hypogastrura and Ceratophysella make to Australian arable and grazing systems in this respect, but it may be considerable because of their abundance.
Composition of Barrow Island Collembolan fauna: analysis of general
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Records of the Western Australian Museum Vol. 83, no. (2013), p. 221-228
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Description of a robust interception trap for collecting airborne arthropods in climatically challenging regions
- Authors: Farrow, Roger , Greenslade, Penelope
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Antarctic Science Vol. 25, no. 5 (2013), p. 657-662
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: An interception trap to collect airborne arthropods under extreme weather conditions is described. The trap, constructed from durable materials, is operated by wind pressure. It consists of a funnel of fine brass gauze mounted inside a cylinder of stainless steel that rotates into the wind on a mast at 1.5 m from the ground. The gauze funnel terminates in a removable, propanol-filled, collecting bottle into which airborne material accumulates. The counterbalanced cylinder rotates around a central shaft on roller bearings and faces into the wind. Two traps were successfully operated continuously for four and five years, respectively, on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island and have collected large numbers of airborne arthropods and other biological material over this period. © 2013 Antarctic Science Ltd.
- Description: C1
Keeping Australia's island free of introduced rodents: The Barrow Island example
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope , Burbidge, Andrew , Lynch, Jasmyn
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Pacific conservation Biology Vol. 19, no. (2013), p. 284-294
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Abstract: Islands are important reservoirs of endemic and threatened species, but anthropogenic influences have impacted their biotas. Australia has over 8000 islands, both continental and oceanic, but because of considerably increased traffic, both tourist and commercial, many of these islands have been and are subject to increased threats from invasive species. The invasive Black Rat Rattus rattus is of particular concern as it can negatively impact mammal, bird, reptile, invertebrate and plant populations. Barrow Island, in northwest Western Australia, is an island requiring particular protection from Black Rats as it is a Class A nature reserve with many unique and threatened taxa that is subject to major disturbances from activities associated with oil extraction and a large liquefied natural gas processing plant. Strict quarantine is currently imposed on all materials and persons being sent to the island and there is an intense on-island surveillance programme. So far the protocols used have prevented Black Rats establishing on this island, but such a level of biosecurity is clearly impossible for all islands. In this paper we discuss the effectiveness of quarantine inspections and surveillance together and alone in protecting high-risk, high-value Australian islands against introduced rodents and we document eradication costs for other islands. World-wide, it has only been possible so far to eradicate rats from relatively small islands, mostly with no non-target indigenous mammals and larger islands only where there are no non-target indigenous mammals. Models based largely on economic considerations have suggested it is more cost effective to use surveillance alone without quarantine for Black Rats on Barrow Island and that if rats become widespread (an estimated 4% risk), it may be more cost effective not to attempt eradication. Such models provide useful guidance for managers where biodiversity values are relatively low or where there are no non-target species, but for Barrow island we argue for continuation of quarantine as well as surveillance and an increased level of quarantine controls at the point of departure on all people, vessels and aircraft visiting other vulnerable Australian islands.
New records of springtails in New Zealand pasture : How well are our pastoral invertebrates known?
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope , Boyer, Stéphane , Wratten, Steve
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 56, no. 2 (2013), p. 93-101
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Twenty-four collembolan species are recorded from improved pastures and clovers in New Zealand, of which 17 can be named to species or probable species, the others only to genus. Of the 17 named species, nine have been recorded before from New Zealand but the other eight are new records for the country. All named species are considered as introduced to New Zealand, probably originally from Europe and are unlikely to colonise native habitats. As all named species reported as new records can be abundant at times, this indicates poor knowledge of a major part of New Zealand's agricultural fauna. Collembola are a group of important microarthropod detritivores that make a significant contribution to ecosystem services. The absence so far of quantification of the contribution this and other soil groups make to ecological resilience and function is a serious problem. © 2013 The Royal Society of New Zealand.
- Description: 2003011135
New records of springtails in New Zealand pasture: how well are our pastoral invertebrates known?
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope , Boyer, Stéphane , Wratten , Steve
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 56, no. 2 (2013), p. 93-101
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Twenty-four collembolan species are recorded from improved pastures and clovers in New Zealand, of which 17 can be named to species or probable species, the others only to genus. Of the 17 named species, nine have been recorded before from New Zealand but the other eight are new records for the country. All named species are considered as introduced to New Zealand, probably originally from Europe and are unlikely to colonise native habitats. As all named species reported as new records can be abundant at times, this indicates poor knowledge of a major part of New Zealand's agricultural fauna. Collembola are a group of important microarthropod detritivores that make a significant contribution to ecosystem services. The absence so far of quantification of the contribution this and other soil groups make to ecological resilience and function is a serious problem.
Reply to Moore et al. (2010): Protecting islands from pest invasion: optimal allocation of biosecurity resources between quarantine and surveillance
- Authors: Greenslade, Penelope , Burbidge, Andrew , Lynch, Jasmyn
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Biological Conservation Vol. 157, no. (January 2013), p. 434-434
- Full Text: false
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The aerial invertebrate fauna of subantarctic Macquarie Island
- Authors: Hawes, Timothy , Greenslade, Penelope
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Biogeography Vol. 40, no. 8 (2013), p. 1501-1511
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Aim: The extent and diversity of invertebrate aerial dispersal both on remote islands and in polar regions has long been of interest to biogeographers. We therefore monitored the airborne dispersal of insects and other micro- and macroinvertebrates to and on Macquarie Island in order to assess (1) the magnitude and composition of local aerial dispersal activity by the island's invertebrate fauna, and (2) the potential for exotic arrival and establishment. Location: Macquarie Island. Methods: Two robust wind-traps were run year-round on Macquarie Island from 1991 to 1994 to collect airborne insects and other micro- and macroinvertebrates. Results: More than 3000 invertebrates were caught in these traps over the sampling period in the most comprehensive aerial survey of subantarctic invertebrates to date. Representatives of seven orders of Insecta were captured: Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Other taxa captured included other arthropods (Arachnida and Collembola) but also terrestrial Gastropoda. Evidence of possible long-distance dispersal (LDD) was limited to two exotic catches (one species of Collembolon, and one species of Thysanoptera). The abundance and composition of indigenous invertebrates caught in the traps indicates that the frequency of short-distance dispersal (SDD) movements on the island far exceeds that which had previously been realized. Main conclusions: More than half the total catch (53%) was of flightless (i.e. passively dispersed) invertebrates, with 84% of them flightless in one of the two traps. The extent of passive dispersal movements is consistent, with most invertebrates being widely distributed at a whole-island scale. Aerial dispersal may act as a conduit for non-indigenous arrivals but this occurs infrequently. Other explanations for exotic species in traps are equally likely. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to terrestrial invertebrate biogeography. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
- Description: 2003011217