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An overview of demand response opportunities for commercial and industrial customers in the Australian NEM

- Amin, B.M. Ruhul, Shah, Rakibuzzaman, Hasan, Kaz, Tayab, Usman, Islam, Syed

  • Authors: Amin, B.M. Ruhul , Shah, Rakibuzzaman , Hasan, Kaz , Tayab, Usman , Islam, Syed
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 14th IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, APPEEC 2022, Melbourne, 20-23 November 2023, 2022 IEEE PES 14th Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC) Vol. 2022-November
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  • Description: Different demand response (DR) mechanisms available in the Australian national electricity market (NEM), such as wholesale, ancillary, emergency, and network DR could provide significant flexibility to maintain and enhance power system security and reliability. Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) is continually reviewing global practices working with different states and territories, and revising the legislative and technical requirements for integrating more DR participants into the national electricity market (NEM). Commercial and Industrial (CandI) customers have a higher potential to participate in DR with flexible larger loads and onsite distributed energy resources (DERs). The CandI customers can reduce their energy bills and earn incentives from operators through DR participation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of DR mechanisms that have been used in the Australian NEM. Technical and legislative requirements to participate in DR for CandI customers have been identified and summarised. Furthermore, the challenges for DR participation and potential benefits have been highlighted. Finally, a look-up table is prepared to identify the suitability of CandI customers to participate in one or multiple DR mechanisms potentially. The findings of this paper can be used as a guiding tool for CandI customers to understand technical and legislative requirements for participating in different DR mechanisms in Australia and select the most appropriate DR mechanisms for maximising their benefits. © 2022 IEEE.

Anomaly detection on health data

- Samariya, Durgesh, Ma, Jiangang

Application of slope mass rating and kinematic analysis along road cut slopes in the Himalayan terrain

- Siddique, Tariq, Sazid, Mohammed, Khandelwal, Manoj, Varshney, Harsh, Irshad, Sayem

  • Authors: Siddique, Tariq , Sazid, Mohammed , Khandelwal, Manoj , Varshney, Harsh , Irshad, Sayem
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: International Conference on Geotechnical challenges in Mining, Tunneling and Underground structures, ICGMTU 2021, Virtual, Online, 20-21 December 2021, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Vol. 228, p. 697-708
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  • Description: Hundreds of fatalities are being reported every year due to rampant slope failures along road-cut engineered slopes in the Himalayan region. Prevailing perilous conditions of cut slopes are mainly due to adverse geological attributes and ever-rising anthropogenic factors. To procure a landslide resilient design along roads in mountainous regions, a systematic geotechnical investigation is required. In this regard, the characterization of vulnerable slopes through empirical classification systems is of paramount importance for geotechnical appraisal. Eleven vulnerable road cut slopes along national highway-5 (NH-5), from Solan to Shimla have been studied herein. The present study incorporates the application of Slope Mass Rating (SMR) and its extensions, including Continuous Slope Mass Rating (CSMR) and Chinese Slope Mass Rating (ChSMR) to study various slopes. The outcomes of SMR and its extensions are used to classify cut slopes into different stability grades. In addition, prevailing structurally controlled failures have also been assessed by kinematic analysis. The majority of slopes are liable to undergo planar and wedge failures. The outcomes obtained by kinematic analysis, SMR and its extensions are used to propose adequate remedial measures. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Attractiveness based conference ranking

- Zhang, Chen, Febrinanto, Falih, Liu, Mujie, Kong, Xiangjie, Zhang, Dongyu, Islam, Sardar

  • Authors: Zhang, Chen , Febrinanto, Falih , Liu, Mujie , Kong, Xiangjie , Zhang, Dongyu , Islam, Sardar
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 37th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, SAC 2022, Virtual, online, 25-29 April 2022, Proceedings of the 37th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing p. 803-806
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  • Description: Conferences have a significant impact on the academic world. Academic conferences aim to exchange information about research results with others. The quality of the conference is highly considered because it involves the credibility of the research papers produced. Creating a ranking system is an effective way to measure conference quality and compare it with other venues. The existing conference ranking systems do not have a unified index or are still manually evaluated by humans, so there is a gap to create an academic conference evaluation system that is objective, comprehensive, and universal. To further improve the ranking system, we propose two new indicators in this work. In these two indicators, we quantify the attractiveness of conferences and combine them with the traditional three indicators to calculate the scores of 10 conferences in the field of data science through the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model. The proposed new evaluation system can help authors understand conferences more comprehensively and screen conferences more sensibly. © 2022 ACM.

Behavioral modeling and cognitive assessment in smart textiles

- Oatley, Giles, Choudhury, Tanveer, Buckman, Paul

  • Authors: Oatley, Giles , Choudhury, Tanveer , Buckman, Paul
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2022 Australasian Computer Science Week, ACSW 2022, Virtual, Online, 14-17 February 2022, ACM International Conference Proceeding Series p. 229-231
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  • Description: Smart textiles can be used as innovative solutions to amuse, meaningfully engage, comfort, entertain, stimulate, and to overall improve the quality of life for people living in care homes with dementia or its precursor mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We have developed a prototype smart textile system that uses capacitive sensing to loosely couple the textile overlay from the underlying technology layer. This inclusion of technology adds to the user experience and quality of life is increased. Additionally, by using microelectronics, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and capacitive touch sensors we can represent and design a range of sophisticated memory and reasoning diagnostic/ assessment tools, which are detailed in this paper. © 2022 ACM.

Blockchain based smart auction mechanism for distributed peer-to-peer energy trading

- Islam, Md Ezazul, Chetty, Madhu, Lim, Suryani, Chadhar, Mehmood, Islam, Syed

  • Authors: Islam, Md Ezazul , Chetty, Madhu , Lim, Suryani , Chadhar, Mehmood , Islam, Syed
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 55th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS 2022, Virtual, online, 3-7 January 2022, Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Vol. 2022-January, p. 6013-6022
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  • Description: Blockchain based framework provides data immutability in a distributed network. In this paper, we investigate the application of blockchain for peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading. Traditional energy trading systems use simple passing mechanisms and basic pricing methods, thus adversely affect the efficiency and buyers' social welfare. We propose a blockchain based energy trading mechanism that uses smart passing of unspent auction reservations to (a) minimise the time taken to settle an auction (convergence time), (b) maximise the number of auction settlement; and (c) incorporate second-price auction pricing to maximise buyers' social welfare in a distributed double auction environment. The entire mechanism is implemented within Hyperledger Fabric, an open-source blockchain framework, to manage the data and provide smart contracts. Experiments show that our approach minimises the convergence time, maximises the number of auction settlement, and increases the social welfare of buyers compared to existing methods. © 2022 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.

Collision-free minimum-time trajectory planning for multiple vehicles based on ADMM

- Nguyen, Thanh, Nguyen, Thang, Nghiem, Truong, Nguyen, Linh, Baca, Jose, Rangel, Pablo, Song, Hyoung-Kyu

Community capacity to envisage a post-mine future: rehabilitation options for Latrobe Valley brown coal mines

- Reeves, Jessica, Baumgartl, Thomas, Morgan, D., Reimers, Vaughan, Green, Michael

  • Authors: Reeves, Jessica , Baumgartl, Thomas , Morgan, D. , Reimers, Vaughan , Green, Michael
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 15th International Conference on Mine Closure, Mine Closure 2022, Brisbane, Australia, 4-6 October 2022, Proceedings of the International Conference on Mine Closure Vol. 1, p. 173-185
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  • Description: Since closure of the Hazelwood Power Station in 2017, and the associated Morwell open cut mine, the community of the Latrobe Valley have largely come to terms with the coming end of an industry that for almost a century defined their region. However, the capacity for the community to envisage what comes next has been limited. This is in part due to uncertainty of the viability of options for rehabilitation, future ownership and responsibility for the sites, and a challenging policy framework. It is also related to systemic social issues, such as mistrust of both government and energy companies, as well as over-consultation fatigue. We draw here on findings from a recent study, commissioned by AGL Loy Yang, on the community perspectives on the final void forms and future land and water uses of the three Latrobe Valley open cut brown coal mines - and surrounding lands. The data were obtained through a series of focus groups with key stakeholders, including community organisations, environmental groups, government authorities, business groups, primary producers and Traditional Owners; and a web-based survey, completed by over 560 participants. From this we found a common theme concerning a desire to have the land returned to the community and to leave a positive legacy for the sites. Options that were visually attractive and enabled either recreation and/or tourism were preferred to future industrial uses; environmental benefit was also a strong priority. Authentic community consultation necessitates that the community be empowered to make an informed contribution to the discussion, and that they are made aware of how their input will be utilised. The community of the Latrobe Valley are invested in having a positive outcome for their region, which future generations can benefit from. To achieve this, the community must be actively engaged in the process. © 2022 Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth.

Comparison between wired versus wireless mode of digital protection scheme leveraging on PRP topology

- Kumar, Shantanu, Abu-Siada, Ahmed, Das, Narottam, Islam, Syed

  • Authors: Kumar, Shantanu , Abu-Siada, Ahmed , Das, Narottam , Islam, Syed
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 4th IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference, iSPEC 2022, Virtual, online, 4-7 December 2022, Proceedings - 2022 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference, iSPEC 2022
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  • Description: Applications of Digital communication in power systems have undergone revolutionary changes in the last decade due to the advancement in technology encompassing substation automation system (SAS). The reasons for veering away from traditional copper based secondary wiring for protection schemes to Ethernet and fiber optic (FO) include economic gains, faster project delivery, ease of diagnostics, less engineering and design efforts. However, digital systems still comprise some challenges such as latencies, data losses, and packet clogging during high traffic. Errors in packets transmission and associated difficulties in publication and subscription of generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE) and sampled value (SV) packets in a Wide Area Network (WAN) substation based on IEC 62439-3 protocol call for a detailed investigation. This paper compares the performance of wired and wireless mode of digital secondary scheme based on simulation and physical set up leveraging on Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) topology. It presents different scenarios for SV packets in a process bus and provides analysis to the data packet transmission due to traffic and network clogging in wired and wireless topologies. © 2022 IEEE.

Contrastive GNN-based traffic anomaly analysis against imbalanced dataset in IoT-based ITS

- Wang, Yang, Lin, Xi, Wu, Jun, Bashir, Ali, Yang, Wu, Li, Jianhua, Imran, Muhammad

  • Authors: Wang, Yang , Lin, Xi , Wu, Jun , Bashir, Ali , Yang, Wu , Li, Jianhua , Imran, Muhammad
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2022, Virtual, online, 4-8 December 2022, 2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2022 - Proceedings p. 3557-3562
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  • Description: The traffic anomaly analysis in IoT-based intelligent transportation system (ITS) is crucial to improving public transportation safety and efficiency. The issue is also challenging due to the unbalanced distribution of anomaly data in IoT-based ITS, which may cause overfitting or underfitting in the training phase. However, some research on traffic anomaly analysis injected limited data to address the shortage of anomaly samples or even neglects this issue, which overlooks the potential representation of nodes in graph neural networks. In this paper, we propose an improved contrastive GNN-based learning framework for traffic anomaly analysis that alleviates the problem of imbalanced datasets in the training phase. In this framework, we provide a graph augmentation approach with coupled features to learn different views of graph data. Besides, we design an effective training method based on the contrastive loss for our framework, which can learn the better performance of latent representations utilized in the downstream tasks. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of our proposed frame-works based on real-world datasets. We demonstrate that our framework achieves as high as 6.45% precision improvement compared to the state-of-the-art. © 2022 IEEE.

Coordinated hierarchical control strategy for islanded ac/dc hybrid microgrids

- Shan, Yinghao, Ma, Liqian, Liu, Huashan, Hu, Jiefeng

  • Authors: Shan, Yinghao , Ma, Liqian , Liu, Huashan , Hu, Jiefeng
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2022 Asia Power and Electrical Technology Conference, APET 2022, Virtual, online, 11-13 November 2022, 2022 Asia Power and Electrical Technology Conference, APET 2022 p. 132-137
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  • Description: To meet future practical needs of smart grids, constructing hybrid ac&dc microgrids with the two-type sub-grids becomes more realistic and urgent. However, in the existing literature, it is rare to see the joint controls of these sub-grids in islanded hierarchical control architecture. To this end, a coordinated hierarchical control strategy for this kind of hybrid microgrid has been presented in this paper, where both sub-grids are equipped with primary and secondary controllers. Using the proposed strategy, the power flows can be autonomously shared and deviated bus voltages can be fully restored. The control performance and stability of the overall microgrid system have been ensured to address different ac/dc load changes. Comprehensive simulation studies have verified the validity of the proposed strategy for hybrid microgrids. © 2022 IEEE.

Cyber resilience modelling for the operations of hybrid network

- Ur-Rehman, Attiq, Kamruzzuman, Joarder, Gondal, Iqbal, Jolfaei, Alireza

Deep learning model to empower student engagement in online synchronous learning environment

- Godly, Cinthia, Balasubramanian, Venki, Stranieri, Andrew, Saikrishna, Vidya, Mohammed, Rehena, Chackappan, Godly

  • Authors: Godly, Cinthia , Balasubramanian, Venki , Stranieri, Andrew , Saikrishna, Vidya , Mohammed, Rehena , Chackappan, Godly
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 19th IEEE India Council International Conference, INDICON 2022, Kochi India, 24-26 November 2022, INDICON 2022 - 2022 IEEE 19th India Council International Conference
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  • Description: Following the start of the pandemic, online synchronous learning has grown significantly. The higher education sector is searching for new creative ways to provide the information online because of the switch from face-to-face to online synchronous course delivery. Students are also becoming accustomed to studying online, and research has shown that synchronous online learning has a variety of effects on student engagement. For instance, according to statistics from the National Survey of Student Engagement, students are less likely to participate in collaborative learning, studentfaculty interactions, and conversations when learning online if they use quantitative reasoning during face-to-face instruction. Additionally, studies suggest that because they depend on their devices to take online classes, students feel more alienated from their lecturers. This has been linked to a drop in contacts with peers and teachers as a result. By using a cutting-edge deep learning model to predict learner engagement behaviour in a synchronous teaching environment, our research intends to improve online engagement. The model with a clever trigger will encourage the disengaged pupils to communicate with the teachers online. Smart triggers will be built around factors that have been found, focusing on disengaged students to engage them in real-time with automatic, personalized feedback. © 2022 IEEE.

Design of hybrid power system stabilizer for dynamic stability improvement using cultural algorithm

- Patel, Jasmeen, Das, Narottam, Islam, Syed

  • Authors: Patel, Jasmeen , Das, Narottam , Islam, Syed
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 4th IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference, iSPEC 2022, Virtual, online, 4-7 December 2022, Proceedings - 2022 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference, iSPEC 2022
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  • Description: In power system the stability is an important property that varies on the operational condition and the interruption to which it is exposed. The power system network endangered to the similar disruption can be stable at one operational situation (e.g., in off-peak hours) and not stable at another (e.g., at peak times). Similarly, a network at one operational situation can be stable to one disturbance and not stable to another. Consequently, stability reports generally involve the analysis of several cases, in order to cover various disruptions of interest and the key points of operation of the system. This research recommends various stabilizers such as, Power system stabilizers (PSS), Proportional Integration Differentiation (PID) and Fractional Order PID (FOPID) to decrease oscillations due to small signal disruption. The PSS-Voltage stabilizer generates impulses at the time of speed-change which usually results in positive PSS output. Using the FOPID procedure in relation with PSS, this approach can decrease these impulses. Using this approach, the generated impulses are finally decreased. Genetic Algorithm, particle swarm optimization and cultural algorithm are used for parameter fine-tuning of all the stabilizers. All these algorithms will help to tune parameters at soft computing level and then again tuned by two stabilizers which are FOPID and PSS. Now, again two stabilizers will tune and provide output needs to compare and average output to get required tuned values. Finally, the average of two stabilizers will field circuit and drive rotor according to the value given to it. © 2022 IEEE.

Designs and applications of the rotary limaçon compressors and expanders - a review

- Belfiore, Christopher, Lu, Kui, Phung, Truong, Sultan, Ibrahim

  • Authors: Belfiore, Christopher , Lu, Kui , Phung, Truong , Sultan, Ibrahim
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 3rd International Conference on Energy and Power, ICEP 2021, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 18-20 November 2021, AIP Conference Proceedings Vol. 2681
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  • Description: Limaçon machines are positive displacement fluid processing machines that belong to the rotary machine family. The limaçon machines can be utilized as expanders to extract work from the working fluid or as compressors to provide energy to the working fluid. The main components of the limaçon machine that are directly involved in fluid processing are the housing and rotor, the construction of which are of either limaçon of Pascal curves or circular curves. One distinct feature of the limaçon machine is the limaçon motion of the rotor; the rotor rotates about and slides along a pole, o, inside a housing during the machine operation. Of important note is the motion of the machine rotor inside the housing always follows the limaçon motion irrespective of their profiles. In this paper, different designs and embodiments of the limaçon machine and their advantages and disadvantages have beed discussed, and the research has been carried out on specific applications, i.e., expander and compressor including the work done on fluid induction, sealing and leakages, porting, and inlet and outlet valve control of such machines. © 2022 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.

Developing a framework for generating realistic, but not real, synthetic maintenance records

- Larkins, Jo-Ann, Chattopadhyay, Gopinath, Morey, Stephen

  • Authors: Larkins, Jo-Ann , Chattopadhyay, Gopinath , Morey, Stephen
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2022 International Conference on Maintenance and Intelligent Asset Management, ICMIAM 2022, Anand, India, 12-15 December 2022, 2022 International Conference on Maintenance and Intelligent Asset Management, ICMIAM 2022
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  • Description: Informed decisions for life-extension of complex long-life assets require knowledge of the current state of the asset as well as understanding of its maintenance and failure history. A lack of access to sufficient and reliable data for method validation, such as appropriately detailed maintenance logs, inhibits research into better-informed decisions for life-extension of long-life capital-intensive assets. Researchers must negotiate industry partnerships and overcome barriers to data access due to commercial sensitivities. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for generating realistic, but not necessarily real, synthetic maintenance records. Maintenance logs have strong structural synergies with electronic health records. We adapt and map methods for generating synthetic health records using only publicly available data sources to create synthetic maintenance records. Facet strings are used to construct a probabilistic framework for developing brief free notes. The generation of realistic synthetic maintenance records can be achieved using publicly available data, supported by expert engineering knowledge of the design and maintenance of the system. © 2022 IEEE.

Development of architecture of autonomous hydraulic rock breaker for limestone mines

- Sinha, Aryan, Vasan, Sabari, Nandrekar, Job, Aditya, Umang, Khandelwal, Manoj, Prasad, Naresh, Bhatawdekar, Ramesh, Rathinasamy, Vynotdni

  • Authors: Sinha, Aryan , Vasan, Sabari , Nandrekar, Job , Aditya, Umang , Khandelwal, Manoj , Prasad, Naresh , Bhatawdekar, Ramesh , Rathinasamy, Vynotdni
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: International Conference on Geotechnical challenges in Mining, Tunneling and Underground structures, ICGMTU 2021, Virtual, online, 20-21 December 2021, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Vol. 228, p. 683-695
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  • Description: Boulders which are generated during primary blasting are required to undergo secondary blasting prior to crusher operation. Hydraulic rock breaker is one of the techniques which is being utilized to break boulders instead of secondary blasting. This study aims to develop an architecture of AI model for rock breakers with autonomous remote operation. Firstly, several technical specifications of various rock breakers mounted on 30 T class hydraulic rock breakers were evaluated. Also, the factors affecting cost and operation were identified and discussed. Later, the autonomous rock breaker installed on the crusher hopper at a site in Australia was reviewed as global technological advancement. Based on the review, a five-stage architecture for developing autonomous hydraulic rock breaker was developed. The factors affecting the cost of hydraulic excavator and rock breaker can be classified into direct and indirect cost. The direct cost includes operational cost such as oil, replacement of chisel and bucket teeth and wages as well as maintenance cost. Meanwhile, the indirect cost is related to site issues such as locating boulder, boulders jamming crusher, waiting dozer to push boulder, etc. Also, the factors influencing operation of hydraulic hammer shall be classified into very important (i.e. oil flow, chisel diameter), important (i.e. elasticity, impact rate) and desirable (i.e. hardness, chisel length). The five stages architecture for developing autonomous hydraulic rock breaker are development, data collection, data pre-processing, model deployment and model testing. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Digital twin mobility profiling : a spatio-temporal graph learning approach

- Chen, Xin, Hou, Mingliang, Tang, Tao, Kaur, Achhardeep, Xia, Feng

Discrete cosine basis oriented motion modeling with cuboidal applicability regions for versatile video coding

- Ahmmed, Ashek, Hamidouche, Wassim, Lambert, Andrew, Pickering, Mark, Murshed, Manzur

  • Authors: Ahmmed, Ashek , Hamidouche, Wassim , Lambert, Andrew , Pickering, Mark , Murshed, Manzur
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2022 Picture Coding Symposium, PCS 2022, San Jose, Costa Rica, 7-9 December 2022, 2022 Picture Coding Symposium, PCS 2022 - Proceedings p. 337-341
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  • Description: The relentless expansion of video based applications is underpinned by video coding technologies. The latest video coding standard i.e. versatile video coding (VVC) can provide superior compression performance than its predecessors. In this regard, motion modeling plays a central role. Experimental results showed that the discrete cosine basis oriented motion model can describe complex motion better than an affine motion model, adopted in the VVC. Hence, in this paper we propose to augment the VVC motion modeling technique with a set of discrete cosine basis oriented motion models and the applicability region of each such motion model is determined by non-overlapping rectangular regions, known as cuboids. Experimental results show a bit rate savings of up to 2.37% is achievable with respect to a VVC reference. © 2022 IEEE.

Drill and blast optimisation at an underground copper-gold mine

- Guegan-Brown, Alex, Koroznikova, Larissa, Khandelwal, Manoj

  • Authors: Guegan-Brown, Alex , Koroznikova, Larissa , Khandelwal, Manoj
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: International Conference on Geotechnical challenges in Mining, Tunneling and Underground structures, ICGMTU 2021, Virtual, Online, 20-21 December 2021, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Vol. 228, p. 343-354
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  • Description: The process of utilising drill and blast techniques is used to improve mining performance. Drill and blast techniques have been proven to be more efficient and cost-effective compared to conventional mechanical rock breakage with machines. The degree of efficiency of the drill and blast process varies from mine to mine. These influencing factors result in drill and blast patterns that cannot be directly transposed from site to site meaning specific plans need to be developed. When creating new blast plans, unless they are created flawlessly the first-time revision or optimisation is necessary to ensure they are as efficient and effective as possible. The drill and blast patterns can be optimised to reduce the overbreak. A site specifically the current development is mining in both a weaker fragmented shale as well as moving down into a more competent granite. The optimisation will be considered for both types of ground but will have a stronger focus moving into the granite as the mine is approaching the first ore drives which are within the granite rock mass. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.