List of Titles

The relative contributions of negative cognitions and self-efficacy to severity of panic attacks in panic disorder

- Richards, Jeffrey, Pier, Ciaran

Authors: Richards, Jeffrey , Pier, Ciaran
Date: 2002
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Behaviour Change Vol. 19, no. 2 (2002), p. 102-111
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Description: The aim of this study was to determine the degree to which fearful and catastrophic cognitions, and self-efficacy for managing panic predicted various panic attack characteristics in panic disorder. The cognitive variables consisted of anxiety sensitivity, the frequency of fearful agoraphobic cognitions and measures of catastrophic misinterpretation of symptoms. The panic parameters were number and severity of panic symptoms, distress associated with panic attacks, worry about future panics, duration of panic disorder, and life interference due to panic disorder. These variables were measured in 40 people with panic disorder, 31 of whom also had significant agoraphobia. The frequency of fearful agoraphobic cognitions was the strongest predictor of panic attack symptomatology, predicting number of symptoms, symptom severity and degree of anticipatory fear of panic. Catastrophic misinterpretation of symptoms and anxiety sensitivity did not independently predict any panic parameters. Only self-efficacy for managing the rapid build-up of panic symptoms was specifically related to panic severity. The results therefore suggest that cognitive behaviour therapy for panic symptoms in panic disorder should reduce fearful cognitions rather than focus on panic coping strategies. The results offer little support for the contribution of the expectancy or catastrophic misinterpretation theories to the maintenance of panic disorder.
Description: 2003000074

Treatment of PTSD : Stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure compared to EMDR

- Lee, Christopher, Gavriel, Helen, Drummond, Peter, Richards, Jeffrey, Greenwald, Ricky

Authors: Lee, Christopher , Gavriel, Helen , Drummond, Peter , Richards, Jeffrey , Greenwald, Ricky
Date: 2002
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol. 58, no. 9 (2002), p. 1071-1089
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Description: The effectiveness of Stress Inoculation Training with Prolonged Exposure (SITPE) was compared to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Twenty-four participants who had a diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were randomly assigned to one of the treatment conditions. Participants were also their own wait-list control. Outcome measures included self-report and observer-rated measures of PTSD, and self-report measures of depression. On global PTSD measures, there were no significant differences between the treatments at the end of therapy. However on the subscale measures of the degree of intrusion symptoms, EMDR did significantly better than SITPE. At follow-up EMDR was found to lead to greater gains on all measures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Habituation of male sexual arousal : Effects of attentional focus

- Koukounas, Eric, Over, Ray

Authors: Koukounas, Eric , Over, Ray
Date: 2001
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Biological Psychology Vol. 58, no. 1 (2001), p. 49-64
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Description: Three experiments are reported demonstrating that levels of penile tumescence and subjective sexual arousal are greater when men employ participant-oriented rather than spectator-oriented attentional focus while viewing an erotic film segment. Under each instructional set, there was a reduction in sexual arousal during repeated erotic stimulation. As sexual arousal habituated, the men reported feeling less absorbed during erotic stimulation. When these associated changes in attentional focus (absorption) were partialled out through analysis of covariance, sexual arousal remained relatively stable over trials, suggesting that sexual arousal is less likely to habituate if attentional focus remains constant during repeated erotic stimulation. Further directions for studying associations between habituation of sexual arousal and cognitive processing are discussed. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Interpretation of ambiguous interoceptive stimuli in panic disorder and nonclinical panic

- Richards, Jeffrey, Austin, David, Alvarenga, Marlies

Authors: Richards, Jeffrey , Austin, David , Alvarenga, Marlies
Date: 2001
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Cognitive Therapy and Research Vol. 25, no. 3 (2001), p. 235-246
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Description: Cognitive bias in the misinterpretation of ambiguous interoceptive stimuli has been demonstrated in panic disorder. This study investigated whether this cognitive bias also occurs in people with nonclinical panic who are at risk of developing panic disorder. The responses of 25 people with nonclinical panic were compared to those of 20 people with panic disorder and 69 nonpanic controls on a measure of interpretive bias, the Brief Body Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire. There was evidence for interpretive cognitive bias for ambiguous interoceptive stimuli among the nonclinical panickers which did not differ from that of the people with panic disorder, but which differed from the nonpanic controls. High anxiety sensitivity predicted interpretive bias toward both interoceptive and external stimuli. Results therefore suggest that interpretive cognitive bias for ambiguous interoceptive stimuli may be a risk factor for the development of panic disorder.

Perceived maternal control and support : Effects on hostile biased social information processing and aggression among clinic-referred children with high aggression

- Gomez, Rapson, Gomez, Andre, DeMello, Lesley, Tallent, Ron

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Gomez, Andre , DeMello, Lesley , Tallent, Ron
Date: 2001
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines Vol. 42, no. 4 (2001), p. 513-522
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Description: Based on a sample of 89 aggressive clinic-referred children, aged between 9 and 11 years, a longitudinal study of 1-year duration was conducted to examine (a) whether the children's perception of control and support of their mothers' to them predicted their hostile attribution of intent and hostile response selection, and (b) whether these hostile biased social cognitions mediated the relationships between their perceived maternal behaviours and their aggression. Participants completed a questionnaire covering both the perceived maternal control and support. One year later, their hostile attribution of intent and response selection, and aggression, were measured. Results showed that perceived maternal control and perceived maternal support were associated positively and negatively, respectively, with both the social cognition measures. Also, the social cognition measures mediated the relationships of the perceived maternal measures with aggression. The findings are discussed in terms of how children's hostile biased relational schemas and scripts, developed from negative parenting and insecure attachment, favour more hostile social cognitions, and how these in turn mediate children's current hostile biased social behaviours.

Rewriting the agenda for training in clinical and counselling psychology

- Richards, Jeffrey

Authors: Richards, Jeffrey
Date: 2001
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Australian Psychologist Vol. 36, no. 2 (2001), p. 99-106
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Description: This paper describes a model for future training in clinical and counselling psychology. The model is based on the results of psychotherapy outcome research, and the development of empirically supported therapies, as well as recent developments in the use of information technology in psychotherapeutic interventions. It is also argued that developments such as the increasing cost of mental health interventions, the wide disparities in access to specialised mental health assistance, and the rise of the mental health consumer movement all provide a context for recommendations as to optimum developments in training for clinical and counselling psychologists.

The catastrophic misinterpretation model of panic disorder

- Austin, David, Richards, Jeffrey

Authors: Austin, David , Richards, Jeffrey
Date: 2001
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol. 39, no. 11 (2001), p. 1277-1291
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Description: In the catastrophic misinterpretation model of panic ark [Behav. Res. Ther. 24(1986)1461] proposes that panic attacks result from the misinterpretation of autonomic arousal stimuli as precursors to a physical or psychological emergency. The model has been widely examined, with many researchers suggesting that this specific cognitive bias is implicated in both the phenomenon of panic, and the aetiology and maintenance of panic disorder. Various research methodologies have provided only partial or inconclusive support for the model as being uniquely associated with panic, and as a cognitive process underpinning the experience of panic. This paper reviews the body of existing evidence and its implications for the model and proposes future research directions. The influence of implicit operational definitions of key terms in the catastrophic misinterpretation literature (e.g. 'catastrophe', 'threat', 'anxiety-related') are examined, and clarifications proposed. Inconsistencies and limitations in the measurement of catastrophic misinterpretation are highlighted, and subsequently developments to measurement instruments are proposed. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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