List of Titles

Research leadership

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 12 p. 211-228
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Description: This chapter looks at Colin Clark’s work as Director of the Agricultural Economics Research Institute at Oxford, his observations about the British economy but also his continuing interest in Australia. In his seventeen years as Director of the Institute (1953–1969), Clark interpreted his research duties very broadly, looking at wider issues of demand, prices, international trade, resource allocation and the location of economic activity and human settlements. His position furthered his understanding of the processes of economic growth, more particularly the role of agricultural sector in that process, as well as the economics of irrigation and the dynamic interaction between food supplies and global population. Under his leadership, the Institute expanded its interest in the field of development economics without neglecting its basic research task. As well as journal articles, reports and essays, Clark published four major academic works in the 1960s spanning demography, irrigation, subsistence agriculture and economic development. He had returned to work in Britain at a critical period in its economic history with great concern about inflation, the balance of payments deficit and anaemic rate of economic growth. By this time, Clark had become one of the first radical conservatives, later describing his philosophy as classical economic liberalism. He spoke out against the post-war Keynesian consensus and assisted in the creation of the Institute of Economic Affairs. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Review of Nepal's protected area laws in relation to human wildlife conflict

- Bhattarai, Babu, Wright, Wendy, Morgan, Damian

Authors: Bhattarai, Babu , Wright, Wendy , Morgan, Damian
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Protected Areas: Management, Benefits and Social Impacts p. 167-198
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Description: Laws and policies are critical in facilitating positive or negative outcomes where humans and wildlife have potential to interact. This chapter provides a historical overview of Nepal's protected areas and reviews the Nepalese conservation laws to explore whether they, through enactment, have the capacity to reduce the frequency and consequently the impact of human wildlife conflict (HWC). This chapter also provides useful insights for the formulation of new conservation laws, or the revision of existing conservation laws, to prevent and mitigate HWC. Nepal's conservation laws were formulated in the early 1970s, when modern protected areas were first being established in the country. Initially, Nepal followed the Yellowstone Model, an exclusionary approach involving the removal of local people from areas within the boundaries of the new National Parks. The intent was to separate humans and protected areas, measures that are often commended as effective in reducing interactions between humans and wildlife. Over time, the gradual relaxation of strict rules of exclusion, including the granting of rights to local people to access resources inside protected areas, have encouraged a move towards a coexistence approach. This later approach (coexistence) condoned, or at least allowed for, more contact between humans and wildlife, and may have increased the potential for HWC. Subsequent amendments to the conservation laws-including provisions for wildlife population management-may have gone some way toward reducing HWC; however, these amendments lack clarity and have been poorly implemented. This article recommends active implementation of laws that may reduce interactions between humans and wildlife and suggests improved compensation policies for wildlife damage. © 2021 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Slaying the doomsayers

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 16 p. 291-304
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Description: This chapter considers how Colin Clark confronted the 1970s zeitgeist of doom-laden prophecies revolving around resource depletion, population growth and pollution. Over his life Clark had seen several prophets of doom come and go, invariably telling people that the world was running out of food, resources, water, land or energy. He sought to overturn this prevailing mood of negativity by scientific and empirical persuasion. He believed it was important to confront such prophecy since widespread disillusion about the Earth’s future, coupled with a low level of scientific education, spread anxiety about the future and lay behind falling birth-rates. Besides contesting many of the claims by the zero population growth movement, Clark also confronted the Club of Rome on its environmental pessimism and preconceived idea of food production falling behind population growth and related fears of the world ‘running out’ of resources. It irritated Clark that much of this literature of environmental doom and over-population had all been rebutted in the past. Since 1964 Clark had been involved in the early stages of discussions that would culminate in the 1968 Papal Encyclical on birth control which banned Catholics from practicing artificial forms of contraception. It was argued that Clark’s work on the Papal Commission damaged his academic objectivity. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Spiritual awakening

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 8 p. 129-148
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Description: This chapter looks at Colin Clark’s changing spiritual and philosophical attitudes during the Second World War. Clark opposed the centralisation of federal power when the Curtin Labor Government commandeered income taxation from the states. After 1945, his views on post-war reconstruction differed markedly from Australian economists. He also disowned his earlier Fabian beliefs. This sea-change in Clark’s philosophical outlook came with his conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1940. It marked a critical change in his career, especially in social and economic outlook. He became friendly with Australian political activist B. A. (Bob) Santamaria, sharing a regard for Distributivism, traditionalism, a longing for an idyllic rural society and hostility to communism. Having chosen to align himself with extreme doctrinal elements within the Catholic Church, Clark would face a continuing tension between scientific integrity and his faith. He rejected a collective form of social security for post-war Australia, arguing that she should exploit its resource endowment as a primary producer to feed the world and enjoy high commodity prices from doing so. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Student perspectives on participation in multidisciplinary, cross-cultural study tours and design workshops

- Hills, Danny, Tribe, Ruby, Weng, Cheng-Wei, Chong, Grace, Ng, Tracy, Koh, Jo-Lynn, Chen, Shao-Ming, An, Sharon, Jhaung, Debbie, Gardner, Paul, Ilami, Hariz, Seow, Emmaline, Ting-Yu, Lin, Qi, Tan, Hao, Li, Carey, Dayna

Authors: Hills, Danny , Tribe, Ruby , Weng, Cheng-Wei , Chong, Grace , Ng, Tracy , Koh, Jo-Lynn , Chen, Shao-Ming , An, Sharon , Jhaung, Debbie , Gardner, Paul , Ilami, Hariz , Seow, Emmaline , Ting-Yu, Lin , Qi, Tan , Hao, Li , Carey, Dayna
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Cross-Cultural Design for Healthy Ageing p. 133-159
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Teachers as older women workers: stakeholder comments

- Taylor, Philip, Earl, Catherine, Brooke, Elizabeth, McLoughlin, Christopher

Authors: Taylor, Philip , Earl, Catherine , Brooke, Elizabeth , McLoughlin, Christopher
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Retiring women : work and post work transitions Chapter 9 p. 136-146
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Description: Chapter 9 explores conceptions older workers, drawing from interviews with human resources managers and expert stakeholders. Analysis revealed pervasive discrimination based on age and gender and a lack of recognition of the diversity of older workers. They are generally understood in essentialized terms as a single group sharing certain stereotypical attributes. An essentialized discourse of decline underpins representations of older workers. It is argued that the idea of the older worker needs to be problematized.

The bad mothers club: In Cyberspace, you can hear the unruly women laughing

- Goriss-Hunter, Anitra

Authors: Goriss-Hunter, Anitra
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Who’s Laughing Now? Chapter five p. 61-74
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Description: Despite feminist interventions, it is obvious that there are serious problems with the ways in which maternal bodies are described and defined. Representations of good and bad mothers offer narrow, restrictive, and prescriptive scripts for maternal bodies. Searching for some possible solutions to the issues concerning restrictive representations of maternity, I found the maternity website, Bad Mothers Club (BMC). BMC is a British website, edited and published by Stephanie Calman, that was set up in response to the increasing volume of information about pregnancy and childrearing from a variety of domains, which arguably seek to regulate, control, and profit from. maternal bodies "From introduction"

The grand soothsayer

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 15 p. 257-290
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Description: This chapter looks at Colin Clark’s work in development economics, especially on population and resources which alleviated fears about mass hunger within the developing countries during the postwar era. Clark perceived enormous potential for growth in agricultural productivity within developing countries. As such, he would lead the crusade against neo-Malthusian pessimism about food and resources, arguing that population growth pushed farmers to improve their production techniques and lift output. Clark criticised the Food and Agriculture Organisation’s estimates of the extent of world hunger which, he argued, were designed more to give support to Western farmers to produce large, uneconomical surpluses of grain. Where there was malnutrition the problem was attributed to political and distribution hurdles, not resource constraints. In The Economics of Subsistence Agriculture (1964) Clark explored how the bulk of the world’s population, living within traditional agricultural settings, lacked basic amenities such as clothing, housing, medicine, education and transport. Transport was identified as the overriding factor holding back agricultural productivity. Population Growth and Land Use (1967) conveyed Clark’s views about the interaction between population, the world’s resources, urban settlement and economic growth. He surprised many by saying the real problem facing humanity was finding space for housing and recreation. He also elevated the issue of economic and regional stratification within societies. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

The man who smashed convention

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 13 p. 229-241
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Description: This chapter looks at Colin Clark’s criticisms of the post-war economic orthodoxy in Britain, especially the welfare state and how his critique made him one of the progenitors of neo-liberal thought. In Welfare and Taxation (1954) Clark stated that high tax rates enfeebled the economy by undermining entrepreneurial spirit and effort. He was equally alarmed at the rate at which government spending was rising, especially the cost of the welfare state; it was already exceeding the economic growth rate with much of the public revenue obtained from taxing low-income families. Families, he held, should be left to manage their own affairs. Clark can be seen as a progenitor of neo-liberal thought with his pamphlet marking the first intellectual reaction against the welfare state and foretelling upon how a new political movement would rise up against it. Clark continued his criticism of the British welfare state in The Cost of Living (1957), where he argued that protectionism and high taxation had become ‘a complete, utter, howling, disastrous failure’. Britain was afflicted by poor productivity, high taxation and protectionism but also inherently inflationary because of the commitment to over-full employment. Clark held that the ‘strongest’ argument for assisting the British farm sector was in dispersing the nation’s population. He assigned great cultural value to a healthy rural sector which enriched the nation’s social and cultural life. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

The monash years

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 18 p. 317-340
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Description: This chapter looks at Colin Clark’s return to Australia and his subsequent appointments at Monash University, the Institute for Economic Progress and The University of Queensland. It was abbreviated by a brief foray in London working for a libertarian think-tank. In October 1969, Clark took up a position at Monash University. The Catholic Church in Melbourne funded a research institute for him to pursue his interests in population and economic development. He also resumed his controversial media profile writing about economic and political issues including inflation, environmentalism, urban issues, decentralisation, population and world hunger. He engaged in public debate with leading feminist, Germaine Greer on abortion and with the controversial biochemist, Paul Ehrlich on zero population growth. With inflation stirring, Clark linked it with high-taxing, high-spending governments. The solution, he argued, was to suppress the level of public spending followed by a reduction in taxation to restore private demand. In 1976 Clark spent time in London with the Centre for Policy Studies set up to broadcast of neoliberal ideas. He continued his work on welfare reform including the possible introduction of negative taxation. However, the Conservative Party leader Margaret Thatcher, steered clear of his radical reforms to welfare and a disheartened Clark returned to Australia. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

The tarmac economist

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 11 p. 187-207
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Description: This chapter looks at Colin Clark as one of the first international consulting economists in what became the new field of development economics. He continued to refute neo-Malthusian beliefs that had captivated post-war British and American minds noting how agricultural productivity was rising annually due to modern methods of cultivation and greater than the increase in global population. The shortage of food was due to a lack of labour, not land. He accused agriculturally bountiful countries, such as Australia and Argentina of needlessly starving their agrarian sectors of resources by engaging in ill-advised industrialisation policies which contributed to a worldwide shortage of food. Clark resigned from the Queensland Government in 1952 because it did not share his views on decentralisation and the promotion of primary industry. In Australia he became a voice in the wilderness as he publicly lamented the over-development of manufacturing, fiscal federalism and the imposition quantitative import controls in 1952. Oxford came to his salvation in the same year. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Three classic contributions

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 7 p. 113-128
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Description: Despite occupying important official positions with the Queensland Government, Colin Clark published three outstanding pieces of economic research over a five year period. A Critique of Russian Statistics (1939) was the first comparative statistical estimation of the Soviet experiment. He confirmed that Russian national income per head had barely risen until the late 1930s. Russia was ‘a poor and hungry country’ and socialism had, on the evidence, made little difference. Clark’s most definitive work The Conditions of Economic Progress (1940a) laid out the long-term essentials necessary for a country to achieve material progress. In doing so, he devised a means to measure the comparative real income per capita. Clark showed that the world was ‘a wretchedly poor place’ with a few developed countries producing most of the world’s output. His third work The Economics of 1960 (1942) used a basic econometric model to project the most probable course of world population, industrial development, prices, capital movements and interest rates until 1960. Given the increasing shortage of rural labour in many countries with attempts at industrialization, he predicted that the terms-of-trade would violently swing in favour of primary producing countries. The immediate post-war years would also be a period of an investment-led economic boom because of ‘capital hunger’. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Two revelations

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 9 p. 149-168
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Description: This chapter looks at two issues with which Colin Clark was preoccupied in the post-war years: the role and optimal size of cities and the fiscal limits of taxation. Originating in his research on location theory, transport and urban economics, Clark entertained an interest in improving urban design and living. He argued that the principal function of a city was the provision of the full range of services, including commercial, educational and cultural facilities, all predicated upon an effective transport system. Another concern of Clark’s related to the proposed post-war expenditures on welfare and associated fears of over-taxation. Drawing on a brief observation made by Keynes in 1923, Clark found an empirical relationship between excessive taxation and inflationary pressure. He contended, that at full employment, the state could collect, at the most 25% of national income in taxation; if states tried to extract more an inflationary process would be triggered making the exercise self-defeating. While most economists disagreed with the figuring behind his hypothesis it formed an integral part of his attack upon the Leviathan of big government. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Vaccines for fasciola : new thinking for an old problem

- Spithill, Terry, Toet, Hayley, Rathinasamy, Vignesh, Zerna, Gemma, Swan, Jaclyn, Cameron, Timothy, Smooker, Peter, Piedrafita, David, Dempster, Robert, Beddoe, Travis

Authors: Spithill, Terry , Toet, Hayley , Rathinasamy, Vignesh , Zerna, Gemma , Swan, Jaclyn , Cameron, Timothy , Smooker, Peter , Piedrafita, David , Dempster, Robert , Beddoe, Travis
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Fasciolosis II Chapter 12 p. 379-422
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