Description:
This chapter explores theoretically and practically the rationale, approaches, possibilities, and cffecL or engaging with students in schools in ways that challenge injustices and that regard education as beingforsocialjustice. Examples and illustrations arc drawn from research by the author in Australia from over 2!'i critical cthnographics of disadvantaged schools conducted over the past two decades. The central framing themes and ideas for the chapter focus on: • student voice • the relational school • the pedagogically engaged school • community organizing for activist reform • community-voiced approaches lo schooling • "speaking the unpleasant" about poverty, education, and class • beyond commodification, prescription, and consumption The chapter presents a number of ethnographic slices or portraits of students and schools that have created ways of "working against the grain" in the sense of foregrounding notions of social justice and challenging dominant, deforming, and damaging approaches to education and supplanting them with alternatives. The chapter explores what is possible when teachers, students, parents, and communities take seriously the opportunity to embrace a socially critical view of student engagement.
Description:
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are believed to be the two most important technologies in realizing the ubiquitous computing vision of Future Internet. RFID technology provides much cheaper solution for object identification and tracking based on radio wave. On the other hand, data on various parameters about the physical environment can be acquired using WSNs. Integration of the advantages of both RFID systems and WSNs would benefit many application domains. In RFID system, either an active RFID tag itself or an RFID reader (reading passive or semi-passive tags) consisting of an RF transceiver poses communication capability similar to that for nodes in WSNs. Therefore, instead of using single hop RFID protocol, RFID networks can take advantage of WSN-like multihop communication, and in this regard a number of WSN protocols can be useful for such RFID systems. In this chapter we present possible scenario of the integration of RFID system and WSNs and study a number of wireless sensor network protocols suitable to use in RFID system.
Description:
In software engineering, the re-use concept is a design principle that improves efficency, quality and maintainability by ensuring that software artifacts are developed once and re-used may times. In an analogous way, a group's reasoning can be imagined to be re-used by that or another group to enhance efficiency, transparency and consistency in decison-making. However, the re-use of reasoning is difficult to achieve because group reasoning cannot easily be captured and the way in which a group reasoning artifact is subsequently used is not obvious. This chapter explores the case for the re-use of community reasoning and concludes that individuals can benefit from a representation of a previous groups's coalesced reasoning to be modeled and the scheme to represent the reasoning have been selected to suit the task. The authors contend that specifying the future community like to re-use the reasoning, called the intended audience, informs a decision regarding whether an exercise aimed at coalescing a group's reasoning is best performed verbally, in writing or with the use of more structured schemes such as Argument visualization.
Description:
This chapter describes some of the current approaches to delibertative democracy and the considers them from the perspective of a reasoning community framework. This approach highlights important tasks, process and structures that can be used to enhance the process of groups engaging in deliberative democracy approaches. In particular it focuses attention on the potential for technologies to support groups in achieving broad agreed structured reasoning bases that capture the scope of an issue from multiple perspectives.
Description:
Sport participation is popular among millions of children in countries throughout the world. The well-documented health benefits of children‘s sport participation are important to help reduce childhood obesity and the burdens of other associated childhood diseases. Despite efforts to promote sport participation, unfortunately involvement for some children can be short-lived with sport dropout (or attrition) rates being relatively high, particularly during adolescence. Although research investigating the area of child sport dropout began more than 30-years ago, there is still much to learn about the issue, and correspondingly it has been identified as a major concern by both sport practitioners and researchers. Whilst previous studies have uncovered some factors that distinguish children who do and do not drop out of sport, a detailed examination of the published literature is required to characterise these issues further and to identify where knowledge gaps exist more fully. This Chapter reports the results of a systematic review of existing peer-reviewed literature related to reasons why children decide to drop out of sport. The Chapter identifies and critically reviews relevant studies and provides a summary of their findings to contribute to a clearer understanding of the factors influencing child sport dropout. In doing so, it identifies potential opportunities for preventing child sport dropout and for promoting long-term sport participation by all children. Using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria associated with the defined systematic literature search strategies, few relevant studies were identified which addressed the issue of child sport dropout. Nonetheless, this review has identified prominent factors that contribute to child sport dropout, such as conflict of interests and time availability, the re-orienting of interests and the pursuit of participation in other activities. An important finding of the review is the identification of a clear gap in knowledge surrounding the impact of sport injury as a contributing factor to child sport dropout. In fact, sport injury appears to be largely overlooked and/or removed from studies that seek to determine the factors that contribute to dropout in children‘s organised sport. In light of international public health concerns about sport injury, and global strategies to increase participation in sport and other physical activities, it seems pertinent to obtain a better understanding of the true impact that sport injury has on the long-term retention of children in sport.
Description:
Despite the large literature on the role of fatigue and injury risk in road and occupational settings, evidence for a direct causal link between sports injury risk and fatigue has not previously been reported. This Chapter summarises the epidemiological evidence linking fatigue to sport injury risk, identifies gaps in knowledge relating fatigue and sport injury risk and examines the potential for translating fatigue research from other injury contexts as a means of improving the knowledge base with regards to sports injury. Drawing on the broader fatigue and injury literature linking injury risk to fatigue, fatigue can potentially impact on sport performance/injury risk in one of two ways (or a combination of both): from a cognitive or central fatigue view or through musculoskeletal fatigue. In terms of cognitive-related fatigue, the likely contributors are: 1) sleep homeostasis factors including how long since slept, length of sleep period, quality of recent sleep; 2) circadian or time-of-day factors; and 3) task-related factors (e.g. level of activity) inherent in sport. In terms of musculoskeletal fatigue, physiological factors appear to be mainly associated with inhibited motor control and failure of the brakes of excessive tension development within muscles. This Chapter highlights the lack of epidemiological studies directly linking fatigue to injury risk and where they exist, the poor conceptualisation and measurement of fatigue which limits conclusions. Most of the published studies in this area are related to football codes: rugby (league or union) or soccer. Fatigue is generally identified in these studies in terms of associations between observed injury incidence patterns and the phase-of-play or time-of-season when the injury occurred. Most importantly, whilst the epidemiological studies may conclude that fatigue is a likely or possible risk factor for injury, no prospective study has yet attempted to formally measure fatigue and directly relate it to injury incidence. Overall, this Chapter highlights a need for further epidemiological research on the role of fatigue in sports injury. In lieu of direct evidence, the Chapter reviews the physiological basis for a link between fatigue and musculoskeletal injury risk and discusses the evidence for effects of "cognitive" fatigue on sports performance that is likely to raise injury risk. The Chapter then combines this fundamental evidence for fatigue effects with aetiological models for sports injury causation to highlight key areas where significant knowledge gaps currently exist. Finally, suggestions for a future research agenda that adopts a truly multidisciplinary research strategy are given, for this very important topic.
Description:
This chapter describes molecular mechanisms of DNA damage response (DDR) and presents flow- and image-assisted cytometric approaches to assess these mechanisms and measure the extent of DDR in individual cells. DNA damage was induced by cell treatment with oxidizing agents, UV light, DNA topoisomerase I or II inhibitors, cisplatin, tobacco smoke, and by exogenous and endogenous oxidants. Chromatin relaxation (decondensation) is an early event of DDR chromatin that involves modification of high mobility group proteins (HMGs) and histone H1 and was detected by cytometry by analysis of the susceptibility of DNA in situ to denaturation using the metachromatic fluorochrome acridine orange. Translocation of the MRN complex consisting of Meiotic Recombination 11 Homolog A (Mre11), Rad50 homolog, and Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome 1 (NMR1) into DNA damage sites was assessed by laser scanning cytometry as the increase in the intensity of maximal pixel as well as integral value of Mre11 immunofluorescence. Examples of cytometric detection of activation of Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and Check 2 (Chk2) protein kinases using phospho-specific Abs targeting Ser1981 and Thr68 of these proteins, respectively are also presented. We also discuss approaches to correlate activation of ATM and Chk2 with phosphorylation of p53 on Ser15 and histone H2AX on Ser139 as well as with cell cycle position and DNA replication. The capability of laser scanning cytometry to quantify individual foci of phosphorylated H2AX and/or ATM that provides more dependable assessment of the presence of DNA double-strand breaks is outlined. The new microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip platforms for interrogation of individual cells offer a novel approach for DDR cytometric analysis.
Description:
This chapter describes molecular mechanisms of DNA damage response (DDR) and presents flow- and image-assisted cytometric approaches to assess these mechanisms and measure the extent of DDR in individual cells. DNA damage was induced by cell treatment with oxidizing agents, UV light, DNA topoisomerase I or II inhibitors, cisplatin, tobacco smoke, and by exogenous and endogenous oxidants. Chromatin relaxation (decondensation) is an early event of DDR chromatin that involves modification of high mobility group proteins (HMGs) and histone H1 and was detected by cytometry by analysis of the susceptibility of DNA in situ to denaturation using the metachromatic fluorochrome acridine orange. Translocation of the MRN complex consisting of Meiotic Recombination 11 Homolog A (Mre11), Rad50 homolog, and Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome 1 (NMR1) into DNA damage sites was assessed by laser scanning cytometry as the increase in the intensity of maximal pixel as well as integral value of Mre11 immunofluorescence. Examples of cytometric detection of activation of Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and Check 2 (Chk2) protein kinases using phospho-specific Abs targeting Ser1981 and Thr68 of these proteins, respectively are also presented. We also discuss approaches to correlate activation of ATM and Chk2 with phosphorylation of p53 on Ser15 and histone H2AX on Ser139 as well as with cell cycle position and DNA replication. The capability of laser scanning cytometry to quantify individual foci of phosphorylated H2AX and/or ATM that provides more dependable assessment of the presence of DNA double-strand breaks is outlined. The new microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip platforms for interrogation of individual cells offer a novel approach for DDR cytometric analysis.
Description:
A cell undergoing apoptosis demonstrates multitude of characteristic morphological and biochemical features, which vary depending on the inducer of apoptosis, cell type and the “time window” at which the process of apoptosis is observed. Because the gross majority of apoptotic hallmarks can be revealed by flow and image cytometry, the cytometric methods become a technology of choice in diverse studies of cellular demise. Variety of cytometric methods designed to identify apoptotic cells, detect particular events of apoptosis and probe mechanisms associated with this mode of cell death have been developed during the past two decades. In the present review, we outline commonly used methods that are based on the assessment of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and plasma membrane alterations. We also present novel developments in the field such as the use of cyanine SYTO and TO-PRO family of probes. Strategies of selecting the optimal multiparameter approaches, as well as potential difficulties in the experimental procedures, are thoroughly summarized
Description:
In 1914, a little over a decade after federation in 1901, Australia followed the British Empire into the Great War of 1914–18. Many Australians saw the war as an opportunity for the fledgling nation and her citizens to prove their collective and individual worth on the global stage. Enlistment was voluntary throughout the war, and about half of the eligible population, a total of 416,809, signed up to the AIF (Australian Imperial Force). The proportion of casualties to embarkations was over 65 per cent (compared with approximately 52 per cent for Britain): 153,509 people returned wounded or gassed and 61,829 were killed (AWM 2010; Inglis 2005)
Description:
Summary: The main impetus for the interest in innovation is that it is seen to improve productivity at the firm level and therefore improved economic prosperity and living standards. This edited volume was commissioned by the Department of Employment, Education and Workplace Relations. The authors contribute a variety of views on innovation from different perspectives. Some of the main themes running throughout the book are reasons for firms innovating, the skills required for innovation and how innovation and skills development is supported by the training system, the firm and government. Innovation is seen as moving beyond research and development, to include new products, services and operational/organisational processes.