Comparison of multiple surrogates for 3D CFD model in tidal farm optimisation
- Moore, William, Mala-Jetmarova, Helena, Gebreslassie, Mulualem, Tabor, Gavin, Belmont, Michael, Savic, Dragan
- Authors: Moore, William , Mala-Jetmarova, Helena , Gebreslassie, Mulualem , Tabor, Gavin , Belmont, Michael , Savic, Dragan
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Conference proceedings
- Relation: 12th International Conference on Hydroinformatics - Smart Water for the Future, HIC 2016; Songdo Convensialncheon, South Korea; 21st-26th August 2016; published in Procedia Engineering Vol. 154, p. 1132-1139
- Full Text:
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- Description: Marine currents have been identified as a considerable renewable energy source. Therefore, in recent years, research on optimising tidal stream farm layouts in order to maximise power output has emerged. Traditionally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are used to model power output, but their computational cost is prohibitive within an optimisation algorithm. This paper uses surrogate models in place of CFD simulations to optimise the layout of tidal stream farm layouts. Surrogates are functions which are designed to emulate the behaviour of other models with radically reduced computational expense. Two surrogate models are applied and compared: artificial neural network (ANN) and k-nearest neighbours regression (k-NN). We measure their suitability by four criteria: accuracy, efficiency, robustness and performance within an optimisation algorithm. The results reveal that the ANN surrogate is superior in every criteria to the k-NN surrogate. However, the k-NN surrogate is also able to perform adequate optimisation. Finally, we demonstrate that optimisation relying solely on surrogate models is a viable approach, with dramatically reduced computational expense of optimisation. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
- Description: Procedia Engineering
- Authors: Moore, William , Mala-Jetmarova, Helena , Gebreslassie, Mulualem , Tabor, Gavin , Belmont, Michael , Savic, Dragan
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Conference proceedings
- Relation: 12th International Conference on Hydroinformatics - Smart Water for the Future, HIC 2016; Songdo Convensialncheon, South Korea; 21st-26th August 2016; published in Procedia Engineering Vol. 154, p. 1132-1139
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Marine currents have been identified as a considerable renewable energy source. Therefore, in recent years, research on optimising tidal stream farm layouts in order to maximise power output has emerged. Traditionally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are used to model power output, but their computational cost is prohibitive within an optimisation algorithm. This paper uses surrogate models in place of CFD simulations to optimise the layout of tidal stream farm layouts. Surrogates are functions which are designed to emulate the behaviour of other models with radically reduced computational expense. Two surrogate models are applied and compared: artificial neural network (ANN) and k-nearest neighbours regression (k-NN). We measure their suitability by four criteria: accuracy, efficiency, robustness and performance within an optimisation algorithm. The results reveal that the ANN surrogate is superior in every criteria to the k-NN surrogate. However, the k-NN surrogate is also able to perform adequate optimisation. Finally, we demonstrate that optimisation relying solely on surrogate models is a viable approach, with dramatically reduced computational expense of optimisation. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
- Description: Procedia Engineering
Death in community Australian football : A ten year national insurance claims report
- Fortington, Lauren, Finch, Caroline
- Authors: Fortington, Lauren , Finch, Caroline
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Plos One Vol. 11, no. 7 (2016), p. 1-8
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1058737
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- Description: While deaths are thought to be rare in community Australian sport, there is no systematic reporting so the frequency and leading causes of death is unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency and cause of deaths associated with community-level Australian Football (AF), based on insurance-claims records. Retrospective review of prospectively collected insurance-claims for death in relation to community-level AF activities Australia-wide from 2004 to 2013. Eligible participants were aged 15+ years, involved in an Australian football club as players, coaches, umpires or supporting roles. Details were extracted for: year of death, level of play, age, sex, anatomical location of injury, and a descriptive narrative of the event. Descriptive data are presented for frequency of cases by subgroups. From 26,749 insurance-claims relating to AF, 31 cases were in relation to a death. All fatalities were in males. The initial event occurred during on-field activities of players (football matches or training) in 16 cases. The remainder occurred to people outside of on-field football activity (n = 8), or non-players (n = 7). Road trauma (n = 8) and cardiac conditions (n = 7) were the leading identifiable causes, with unconfirmed and other causes (including collapsed or not yet determined) comprising 16 cases. Although rare, fatalities do occur in community AF to both players and people in supporting roles, averaging 3 per year in this setting alone. A systematic, comprehensive approach to data collection is urgently required to better understand the risk and causes of death in participants of AF and other sports.
- Authors: Fortington, Lauren , Finch, Caroline
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Plos One Vol. 11, no. 7 (2016), p. 1-8
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1058737
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: While deaths are thought to be rare in community Australian sport, there is no systematic reporting so the frequency and leading causes of death is unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency and cause of deaths associated with community-level Australian Football (AF), based on insurance-claims records. Retrospective review of prospectively collected insurance-claims for death in relation to community-level AF activities Australia-wide from 2004 to 2013. Eligible participants were aged 15+ years, involved in an Australian football club as players, coaches, umpires or supporting roles. Details were extracted for: year of death, level of play, age, sex, anatomical location of injury, and a descriptive narrative of the event. Descriptive data are presented for frequency of cases by subgroups. From 26,749 insurance-claims relating to AF, 31 cases were in relation to a death. All fatalities were in males. The initial event occurred during on-field activities of players (football matches or training) in 16 cases. The remainder occurred to people outside of on-field football activity (n = 8), or non-players (n = 7). Road trauma (n = 8) and cardiac conditions (n = 7) were the leading identifiable causes, with unconfirmed and other causes (including collapsed or not yet determined) comprising 16 cases. Although rare, fatalities do occur in community AF to both players and people in supporting roles, averaging 3 per year in this setting alone. A systematic, comprehensive approach to data collection is urgently required to better understand the risk and causes of death in participants of AF and other sports.
Ecological response to hydrological variability and catchment development : Insights from a shallow oxbow lake in Lower Mississippi Valley, Arkansas
- Bhattacharya, Ruchi, Hausmann, Sonja, Hubeny, J. Bradford, Gell, Peter, Black, Jessica
- Authors: Bhattacharya, Ruchi , Hausmann, Sonja , Hubeny, J. Bradford , Gell, Peter , Black, Jessica
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Science of the Total Environment Vol. 569-570, no. (2016), p. 1087-1097
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The ecological response of shallow oxbow lakes to variability in hydrology and catchment development in large river floodplain ecosystems (RFE) in Arkansas remains largely unknown. Investigating these responses will advance our understanding of ecological evolution of oxbow lakes in response to the major environmental drivers, which will establish baseline conditions required to develop effective management practices for RFE. In this pilot study, we examined the potential of using a dated surface sediment core from Adams Bayou, a floodplain lake located within the Cache-Lower White River Ramsar site in SE Arkansas. Stratigraphic records of diatoms and sediment geochemistry were used to ascertain variation in Adams Bayou's ecological condition. During 1968–2008, in response to hydrological and anthropogenic changes, Adams Bayou's diatom assemblages progressed from predominantly benthic (Gomphonema parvulum and Meridion circulare) to primarily planktonic assemblage (Aulacoseira granulata and Cyclotella meneghiniana), along with a decrease in magnetic susceptibility (k) and % silt. Statistical analyses reveled that during 1968–2000, higher hydrological connectivity and catchment alterations drove Adams Bayou's ecosystem. After 2000, lower hydrological connectivity and increase in cultivation were the major drivers. The potential impact of increasing air temperature was also noted. The shift in Adams Bayou from a connected, clear, mesotrophic state to a relatively isolated, turbid and nutrient enriched state is consistent with regime shift models and highlights its sensitivity to a combination of environmental stresses prevalent in the catchment. Although fluvial systems pose challenges in establishing clear chronologies, oxbow lake sediments can be a effective paleoecological archives. Our work provides clear evidence for the change in the ecological character of this wetland of international significance and flags the need for a wider assessment of water bodies across this site under obligations to the Ramsar Convention.
- Description: The ecological response of shallow oxbow lakes to variability in hydrology and catchment development in large river floodplain ecosystems (RFE) in Arkansas remains largely unknown. Investigating these responses will advance our understanding of ecological evolution of oxbow lakes in response to the major environmental drivers, which will establish baseline conditions required to develop effective management practices for RFE. In this pilot study, we examined the potential of using a dated surface sediment core from Adams Bayou, a floodplain lake located within the Cache-Lower White River Ramsar site in SE Arkansas. Stratigraphic records of diatoms and sediment geochemistry were used to ascertain variation in Adams Bayou's ecological condition. During 1968–2008, in response to hydrological and anthropogenic changes, Adams Bayou's diatom assemblages progressed from predominantly benthic (Gomphonema parvulum and Meridion circulare) to primarily planktonic assemblage (Aulacoseira granulata and Cyclotella meneghiniana), along with a decrease in magnetic susceptibility (k) and % silt. Statistical analyses reveled that during 1968–2000, higher hydrological connectivity and catchment alterations drove Adams Bayou's ecosystem. After 2000, lower hydrological connectivity and increase in cultivation were the major drivers. The potential impact of increasing air temperature was also noted. The shift in Adams Bayou from a connected, clear, mesotrophic state to a relatively isolated, turbid and nutrient enriched state is consistent with regime shift models and highlights its sensitivity to a combination of environmental stresses prevalent in the catchment. Although fluvial systems pose challenges in establishing clear chronologies, oxbow lake sediments can be a effective paleoecological archives. Our work provides clear evidence for the change in the ecological character of this wetland of international significance and flags the need for a wider assessment of water bodies across this site under obligations to the Ramsar Convention. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
- Authors: Bhattacharya, Ruchi , Hausmann, Sonja , Hubeny, J. Bradford , Gell, Peter , Black, Jessica
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Science of the Total Environment Vol. 569-570, no. (2016), p. 1087-1097
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The ecological response of shallow oxbow lakes to variability in hydrology and catchment development in large river floodplain ecosystems (RFE) in Arkansas remains largely unknown. Investigating these responses will advance our understanding of ecological evolution of oxbow lakes in response to the major environmental drivers, which will establish baseline conditions required to develop effective management practices for RFE. In this pilot study, we examined the potential of using a dated surface sediment core from Adams Bayou, a floodplain lake located within the Cache-Lower White River Ramsar site in SE Arkansas. Stratigraphic records of diatoms and sediment geochemistry were used to ascertain variation in Adams Bayou's ecological condition. During 1968–2008, in response to hydrological and anthropogenic changes, Adams Bayou's diatom assemblages progressed from predominantly benthic (Gomphonema parvulum and Meridion circulare) to primarily planktonic assemblage (Aulacoseira granulata and Cyclotella meneghiniana), along with a decrease in magnetic susceptibility (k) and % silt. Statistical analyses reveled that during 1968–2000, higher hydrological connectivity and catchment alterations drove Adams Bayou's ecosystem. After 2000, lower hydrological connectivity and increase in cultivation were the major drivers. The potential impact of increasing air temperature was also noted. The shift in Adams Bayou from a connected, clear, mesotrophic state to a relatively isolated, turbid and nutrient enriched state is consistent with regime shift models and highlights its sensitivity to a combination of environmental stresses prevalent in the catchment. Although fluvial systems pose challenges in establishing clear chronologies, oxbow lake sediments can be a effective paleoecological archives. Our work provides clear evidence for the change in the ecological character of this wetland of international significance and flags the need for a wider assessment of water bodies across this site under obligations to the Ramsar Convention.
- Description: The ecological response of shallow oxbow lakes to variability in hydrology and catchment development in large river floodplain ecosystems (RFE) in Arkansas remains largely unknown. Investigating these responses will advance our understanding of ecological evolution of oxbow lakes in response to the major environmental drivers, which will establish baseline conditions required to develop effective management practices for RFE. In this pilot study, we examined the potential of using a dated surface sediment core from Adams Bayou, a floodplain lake located within the Cache-Lower White River Ramsar site in SE Arkansas. Stratigraphic records of diatoms and sediment geochemistry were used to ascertain variation in Adams Bayou's ecological condition. During 1968–2008, in response to hydrological and anthropogenic changes, Adams Bayou's diatom assemblages progressed from predominantly benthic (Gomphonema parvulum and Meridion circulare) to primarily planktonic assemblage (Aulacoseira granulata and Cyclotella meneghiniana), along with a decrease in magnetic susceptibility (k) and % silt. Statistical analyses reveled that during 1968–2000, higher hydrological connectivity and catchment alterations drove Adams Bayou's ecosystem. After 2000, lower hydrological connectivity and increase in cultivation were the major drivers. The potential impact of increasing air temperature was also noted. The shift in Adams Bayou from a connected, clear, mesotrophic state to a relatively isolated, turbid and nutrient enriched state is consistent with regime shift models and highlights its sensitivity to a combination of environmental stresses prevalent in the catchment. Although fluvial systems pose challenges in establishing clear chronologies, oxbow lake sediments can be a effective paleoecological archives. Our work provides clear evidence for the change in the ecological character of this wetland of international significance and flags the need for a wider assessment of water bodies across this site under obligations to the Ramsar Convention. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
Evidence of subdivisions on evolutionary timescales in a large, declining marsupial distributed across a phylogeographic barrier
- Alpers, Deryn, Walker, Faith, Taylor, Andrea, Sunnucks, Paul, Bellman, Steven, Hansen, Birgita, Sherwin, William
- Authors: Alpers, Deryn , Walker, Faith , Taylor, Andrea , Sunnucks, Paul , Bellman, Steven , Hansen, Birgita , Sherwin, William
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 11, no. 10 (2016), p. 1-22
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Major prehistoric forces, such as the climatic shifts of the Pleistocene, can remain visible in a species' population genetics. Inference of refuges via genetic tools is useful for conservation management as it can identify populations whose preservation may help retain a species' adaptive potential. Such investigation is needed for Australia's southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons), whose conservation status has recently deteriorated, and whose phylogeographic history during the Pleistocene may be atypical compared to other species. Its contemporary range spans approximately 2000 km of diverse habitat on either side of the Spencer Gulf, which was a land bridge during periods of Pleistocene aridity that may have allowed for migration circumventing the arid Eyrean barrier. We sampled from animals in nearly all known sites within the species' current distribution, mainly using non-invasive methods, and employed nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses to assess alternative scenarios for Pleistocene impacts on population structure. We found evidence for mildly differentiated populations at the range extremes on either side of Spencer Gulf, with secondary contact between locations neighbouring each side of the barrier. These extreme western and eastern regions, and four other regions in between, were genetically distinct in genotypic clustering analyses. Estimates indicate modest, but complex gene flow patterns among some of these regions, in some cases possibly restricted for several thousand years. Prior to this study there was little information to aid risk assessment and prioritization of conservation interventions facilitating gene flow among populations of this species. The contributions of this study to that issue are outlined. © 2016 Alpers et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
- Authors: Alpers, Deryn , Walker, Faith , Taylor, Andrea , Sunnucks, Paul , Bellman, Steven , Hansen, Birgita , Sherwin, William
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 11, no. 10 (2016), p. 1-22
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Major prehistoric forces, such as the climatic shifts of the Pleistocene, can remain visible in a species' population genetics. Inference of refuges via genetic tools is useful for conservation management as it can identify populations whose preservation may help retain a species' adaptive potential. Such investigation is needed for Australia's southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons), whose conservation status has recently deteriorated, and whose phylogeographic history during the Pleistocene may be atypical compared to other species. Its contemporary range spans approximately 2000 km of diverse habitat on either side of the Spencer Gulf, which was a land bridge during periods of Pleistocene aridity that may have allowed for migration circumventing the arid Eyrean barrier. We sampled from animals in nearly all known sites within the species' current distribution, mainly using non-invasive methods, and employed nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses to assess alternative scenarios for Pleistocene impacts on population structure. We found evidence for mildly differentiated populations at the range extremes on either side of Spencer Gulf, with secondary contact between locations neighbouring each side of the barrier. These extreme western and eastern regions, and four other regions in between, were genetically distinct in genotypic clustering analyses. Estimates indicate modest, but complex gene flow patterns among some of these regions, in some cases possibly restricted for several thousand years. Prior to this study there was little information to aid risk assessment and prioritization of conservation interventions facilitating gene flow among populations of this species. The contributions of this study to that issue are outlined. © 2016 Alpers et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Genetic associations at 53 loci highlight cell types and biological pathways relevant for kidney function
- Pattaro, C, Teumer, A, Gorski, M, Chu, A.Y., Li, M, Mijatovic, V, Garnaas, M, Tin, A, Charchar, Fadi
- Authors: Pattaro, C , Teumer, A , Gorski, M , Chu, A.Y. , Li, M , Mijatovic, V , Garnaas, M , Tin, A , Charchar, Fadi
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Nature Communications Vol. 7, no. (2016), p. 1-19
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), combining data across 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals. We identify 24 new and confirm 29 previously identified loci. Of these 53 loci, 19 associate with eGFR among individuals with diabetes. Using bioinformatics, we show that identified genes at eGFR loci are enriched for expression in kidney tissues and in pathways relevant for kidney development and transmembrane transporter activity, kidney structure, and regulation of glucose metabolism. Chromatin state mapping and DNase I hypersensitivity analyses across adult tissues demonstrate preferential mapping of associated variants to regulatory regions in kidney but not extra-renal tissues. These findings suggest that genetic determinants of eGFR are mediated largely through direct effects within the kidney and highlight important cell types and biological pathways. © 2016, Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Please note that there are two hundred and six authors for this article and we have included only the Federation University Australia affiliate.
- Authors: Pattaro, C , Teumer, A , Gorski, M , Chu, A.Y. , Li, M , Mijatovic, V , Garnaas, M , Tin, A , Charchar, Fadi
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Nature Communications Vol. 7, no. (2016), p. 1-19
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), combining data across 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals. We identify 24 new and confirm 29 previously identified loci. Of these 53 loci, 19 associate with eGFR among individuals with diabetes. Using bioinformatics, we show that identified genes at eGFR loci are enriched for expression in kidney tissues and in pathways relevant for kidney development and transmembrane transporter activity, kidney structure, and regulation of glucose metabolism. Chromatin state mapping and DNase I hypersensitivity analyses across adult tissues demonstrate preferential mapping of associated variants to regulatory regions in kidney but not extra-renal tissues. These findings suggest that genetic determinants of eGFR are mediated largely through direct effects within the kidney and highlight important cell types and biological pathways. © 2016, Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Please note that there are two hundred and six authors for this article and we have included only the Federation University Australia affiliate.
Implementation of service systems on the shop-floor level in financial service companies. Empirical evidence from Australia and Germany
- Leyer, Michael, Kronsbein, Daniel, Willis, Richard, Chakraborty, Ayon, Moormann, Jurgen
- Authors: Leyer, Michael , Kronsbein, Daniel , Willis, Richard , Chakraborty, Ayon , Moormann, Jurgen
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Production Research Vol. 54, no. 11 (2016), p. 3229-3242
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This article presents the practices of Australian and German financial service providers regarding the implementation of shop-floor control within different types of service systems. The results delivered in this article should serve as a guideline for future research to develop and adapt methods for shop-floor control in financial service systems. Interviews with 25 experts from the Australian and German financial services industry reveal novel insights into the practice of shop-floor control, suggesting that methods and concepts from manufacturing are only used to a limited extent for shop-floor control. Shop-floor control is mostly used to react quickly to unexpected deviations due to a low usage of forecasts and information systems. Thus, there seems to be improvement potential in the financial services industry in comparison with in the manufacturing industry in terms of shop-floor control. Further research within the production research area should use the empirical insights to test and adapt existing methods and to develop new ones, taking cultural differences into account. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.
- Authors: Leyer, Michael , Kronsbein, Daniel , Willis, Richard , Chakraborty, Ayon , Moormann, Jurgen
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Production Research Vol. 54, no. 11 (2016), p. 3229-3242
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This article presents the practices of Australian and German financial service providers regarding the implementation of shop-floor control within different types of service systems. The results delivered in this article should serve as a guideline for future research to develop and adapt methods for shop-floor control in financial service systems. Interviews with 25 experts from the Australian and German financial services industry reveal novel insights into the practice of shop-floor control, suggesting that methods and concepts from manufacturing are only used to a limited extent for shop-floor control. Shop-floor control is mostly used to react quickly to unexpected deviations due to a low usage of forecasts and information systems. Thus, there seems to be improvement potential in the financial services industry in comparison with in the manufacturing industry in terms of shop-floor control. Further research within the production research area should use the empirical insights to test and adapt existing methods and to develop new ones, taking cultural differences into account. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.
Physiological and acoustic characteristics of the male music theatre voice
- Bourne, Tracy, Garnier, Maeva, Samson, Adeline
- Authors: Bourne, Tracy , Garnier, Maeva , Samson, Adeline
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 140, no. 1 (2016), p. 610-621
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Six male music theatre singers were recorded in three different voice qualities: legit and two types of belt ("chesty" and "twangy"), on two vowels ([e] and [O]), at four increasing pitches in the upper limit of each singer's belt range (similar to 250-440 Hz). The audio signal, the electroglottographic (EGG) signal, and the vocal tract impedance were all measured simultaneously. Voice samples were analyzed and then evaluated perceptually by 16 expert listeners. The three qualities were produced with significant differences at the physiological, acoustical, and perceptual levels: Singers produced belt qualities with a higher EGG contact quotient (CQ(EGG)) and greater contacting speed quotient (Qcs), greater sound pressure level (SPL), and energy above 1 kHz (alpha ratio), and with higher frequencies of the first two vocal tract resonances (f(R1), f(R2)), especially in the upper pitch range when compared to legit. Singers produced the chesty belt quality with higher CQ(EGG), Qcs, and SPL values and lower alpha ratios over the whole belt range, and with higher f(R1) at the higher pitch range when compared to twangy belt. Consistent tuning of f(R1) to the second voice harmonic (2f(0)) was observed in all three qualities and for both vowels. Expert listeners tended to identify all qualities based on the same acoustical and physiological variations as those observed in the singers' intended qualities. (C) 2016 Acoustical Society of America.
- Authors: Bourne, Tracy , Garnier, Maeva , Samson, Adeline
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 140, no. 1 (2016), p. 610-621
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Six male music theatre singers were recorded in three different voice qualities: legit and two types of belt ("chesty" and "twangy"), on two vowels ([e] and [O]), at four increasing pitches in the upper limit of each singer's belt range (similar to 250-440 Hz). The audio signal, the electroglottographic (EGG) signal, and the vocal tract impedance were all measured simultaneously. Voice samples were analyzed and then evaluated perceptually by 16 expert listeners. The three qualities were produced with significant differences at the physiological, acoustical, and perceptual levels: Singers produced belt qualities with a higher EGG contact quotient (CQ(EGG)) and greater contacting speed quotient (Qcs), greater sound pressure level (SPL), and energy above 1 kHz (alpha ratio), and with higher frequencies of the first two vocal tract resonances (f(R1), f(R2)), especially in the upper pitch range when compared to legit. Singers produced the chesty belt quality with higher CQ(EGG), Qcs, and SPL values and lower alpha ratios over the whole belt range, and with higher f(R1) at the higher pitch range when compared to twangy belt. Consistent tuning of f(R1) to the second voice harmonic (2f(0)) was observed in all three qualities and for both vowels. Expert listeners tended to identify all qualities based on the same acoustical and physiological variations as those observed in the singers' intended qualities. (C) 2016 Acoustical Society of America.
Pumping iron in Australia : Prevalence, trends and sociodemographic correlates of muscle strengthening activity participation from a national sample of 195,926 adults
- Bennie, Jason, Pedisic, Zeljko, van Uffelen, Jannique, Charity, Melanie, Harvey, Jack, Banting, Lauren, Vergeer, Ineke, Biddle, Stuart, Eime, Rochelle
- Authors: Bennie, Jason , Pedisic, Zeljko , van Uffelen, Jannique , Charity, Melanie , Harvey, Jack , Banting, Lauren , Vergeer, Ineke , Biddle, Stuart , Eime, Rochelle
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 11, no. 4 (2016), p. 1-15
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective: The current Australian Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that adults engage in regular muscle-strengthening activity (e.g. strength or resistance training). However, public health surveillance studies describing the patterns and trends of population-level muscle-strengthening activity participation are sparse. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence, trends and sociodemographic correlates of muscle-strengthening activity participation in a national-representative sample of Australians aged 15 years and over. Methods: Between 2001 and 2010, quarterly cross-sectional national telephone surveys were conducted as part of the Australian Sports Commission's 'Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey'. Pooled population-weighted proportions were calculated for reporting: [i] no muscle-strengthening activity; [ii] insufficient muscle-strengthening activity, and [iii] sufficient muscle-strengthening activity. Associations with sociodemographic variables were assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Out of 195,926 participants, aged 15-98 years, only 10.4% (95% CI: 10.1-10.7) and 9.3% (95% CI: 9.1-9.5) met the muscle-strengthening activity recommendations in the past two weeks and in the past year, respectively. Older adults (50+ years), and those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged, outer regional/remote areas and with lower education were less likely to report sufficient muscle-strengthening activity (p<0.001). Over the 10-year monitoring period, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of sufficient muscle-strengthening activity (6.4% to 12.0%, p-value for linear trend <0.001). Conclusions: A vast majority of Australian adults did not engage in sufficient muscle-strengthening activity. There is a need for public health strategies to support participation in muscle-strengthening activity in this population. Such strategies should target older and lower educated adults, and those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged, outer regional/remote and areas. © 2016 Bennie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
- Authors: Bennie, Jason , Pedisic, Zeljko , van Uffelen, Jannique , Charity, Melanie , Harvey, Jack , Banting, Lauren , Vergeer, Ineke , Biddle, Stuart , Eime, Rochelle
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 11, no. 4 (2016), p. 1-15
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective: The current Australian Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that adults engage in regular muscle-strengthening activity (e.g. strength or resistance training). However, public health surveillance studies describing the patterns and trends of population-level muscle-strengthening activity participation are sparse. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence, trends and sociodemographic correlates of muscle-strengthening activity participation in a national-representative sample of Australians aged 15 years and over. Methods: Between 2001 and 2010, quarterly cross-sectional national telephone surveys were conducted as part of the Australian Sports Commission's 'Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey'. Pooled population-weighted proportions were calculated for reporting: [i] no muscle-strengthening activity; [ii] insufficient muscle-strengthening activity, and [iii] sufficient muscle-strengthening activity. Associations with sociodemographic variables were assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Out of 195,926 participants, aged 15-98 years, only 10.4% (95% CI: 10.1-10.7) and 9.3% (95% CI: 9.1-9.5) met the muscle-strengthening activity recommendations in the past two weeks and in the past year, respectively. Older adults (50+ years), and those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged, outer regional/remote areas and with lower education were less likely to report sufficient muscle-strengthening activity (p<0.001). Over the 10-year monitoring period, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of sufficient muscle-strengthening activity (6.4% to 12.0%, p-value for linear trend <0.001). Conclusions: A vast majority of Australian adults did not engage in sufficient muscle-strengthening activity. There is a need for public health strategies to support participation in muscle-strengthening activity in this population. Such strategies should target older and lower educated adults, and those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged, outer regional/remote and areas. © 2016 Bennie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Adaptation of quadtree meshes in the scaled boundary finite element method for crack propagation modelling
- Ooi, Ean Tat, Man, Hou, Natarajan, Sundararajan, Song, Chongmin
- Authors: Ooi, Ean Tat , Man, Hou , Natarajan, Sundararajan , Song, Chongmin
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 144, no. (2015), p. 101-117
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: A crack propagation modelling technique combining the scaled boundary finite element method and quadtree meshes is developed. This technique automatically satisfies the compatibility requirement between adjacent quadtree cells irrespective of the presence of hanging nodes. The quadtree structure facilitates efficient data storage and rapid computations. Only a single cell is required to accurately model the stress field near crack tips. Crack growth is modelled by splitting the cells in the mesh into two. The resulting polygons are directly modelled by the scaled boundary formulation with minimal changes to the mesh. Four numerical examples demonstrate the salient features of the technique. © 2015.
- Authors: Ooi, Ean Tat , Man, Hou , Natarajan, Sundararajan , Song, Chongmin
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 144, no. (2015), p. 101-117
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: A crack propagation modelling technique combining the scaled boundary finite element method and quadtree meshes is developed. This technique automatically satisfies the compatibility requirement between adjacent quadtree cells irrespective of the presence of hanging nodes. The quadtree structure facilitates efficient data storage and rapid computations. Only a single cell is required to accurately model the stress field near crack tips. Crack growth is modelled by splitting the cells in the mesh into two. The resulting polygons are directly modelled by the scaled boundary formulation with minimal changes to the mesh. Four numerical examples demonstrate the salient features of the technique. © 2015.
Alcohol advertising in sport and non-sport tv in Australia, during children's viewing times
- O'Brien, Kerry, Carr, Sherilene, Ferris, Jason, Room, Robin, Miller, Peter, Livingston, Michael, Kypri, Kypros, Lynott, Dermot
- Authors: O'Brien, Kerry , Carr, Sherilene , Ferris, Jason , Room, Robin , Miller, Peter , Livingston, Michael , Kypri, Kypros , Lynott, Dermot
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS One Vol. 10, no. 8 (2015), p. e0134889
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Estimate the amount of alcohol advertising in sport vs. non-sport programming in Australian free-to-air TV and identify children's viewing audience composition at different times of the day. Alcohol advertising and TV viewing audience data were purchased for free-to-air sport and non-sport TV in Australia for 2012. We counted alcohol advertisements in sport and non-sport TV in daytime (6 am-8.29 pm) and evening periods (8.30 pm-11.59 pm) and estimated viewing audiences for children and young adults (0-4 years, 5-13 years, 14-17 years, 18-29 years). During the daytime, most of the alcohol advertising (87%) was on sport TV. In the evening, most alcohol advertising (86%) was in non-sport TV. There was little difference in the mean number of children (0-17 years) viewing TV in the evening (N = 273,989), compared with the daytime (N = 235,233). In programs containing alcohol advertising, sport TV had a greater mean number of alcohol adverts per hour (mean 1.74, SD = 1.1) than non-sport TV (mean 1.35, SD = .94). Alcohol advertising during the daytime, when large numbers of children are watching TV, is predominantly in free-to-air sport TV. By permitting day-time advertising in sport programs and in any programs from 8.30 pm when many children are still watching TV, current regulations are not protecting children from exposure to alcohol advertising.
- Authors: O'Brien, Kerry , Carr, Sherilene , Ferris, Jason , Room, Robin , Miller, Peter , Livingston, Michael , Kypri, Kypros , Lynott, Dermot
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS One Vol. 10, no. 8 (2015), p. e0134889
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Estimate the amount of alcohol advertising in sport vs. non-sport programming in Australian free-to-air TV and identify children's viewing audience composition at different times of the day. Alcohol advertising and TV viewing audience data were purchased for free-to-air sport and non-sport TV in Australia for 2012. We counted alcohol advertisements in sport and non-sport TV in daytime (6 am-8.29 pm) and evening periods (8.30 pm-11.59 pm) and estimated viewing audiences for children and young adults (0-4 years, 5-13 years, 14-17 years, 18-29 years). During the daytime, most of the alcohol advertising (87%) was on sport TV. In the evening, most alcohol advertising (86%) was in non-sport TV. There was little difference in the mean number of children (0-17 years) viewing TV in the evening (N = 273,989), compared with the daytime (N = 235,233). In programs containing alcohol advertising, sport TV had a greater mean number of alcohol adverts per hour (mean 1.74, SD = 1.1) than non-sport TV (mean 1.35, SD = .94). Alcohol advertising during the daytime, when large numbers of children are watching TV, is predominantly in free-to-air sport TV. By permitting day-time advertising in sport programs and in any programs from 8.30 pm when many children are still watching TV, current regulations are not protecting children from exposure to alcohol advertising.
AtNPF5.5, a nitrate transporter affecting nitrogen accumulation in Arabidopsis embryo
- Leran, Sophie, Garg, Bharti, Boursiac, Yann, Corratge-Failli, Claire, Brachet, Chantal, Tillard, Pascal, Gojon, Alain, Lacombe, Benoit
- Authors: Leran, Sophie , Garg, Bharti , Boursiac, Yann , Corratge-Failli, Claire , Brachet, Chantal , Tillard, Pascal , Gojon, Alain , Lacombe, Benoit
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Scientific Reports Vol. 5, no. (2015), p. 1-7
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Dipeptide (Leu-Leu) and nitrate transport activities of 26 Arabidopsis NPF (NRT1/PTR Family) proteins were screened in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Xenopus laevis oocytes, respectively. Dipeptide transport activity has been confirmed for 2 already known dipeptide transporters (AtNPF8.1 and AtNPF8.3) but none of the other tested NPFs displays dipeptide transport. The nitrate transport screen resulted in the identification of two new nitrate transporters, AtNPF5.5 and AtNPF5.10. The localization of the mRNA coding for NPF5.5 demonstrates that it is the first NPF transporter reported to be expressed in Arabidopsis embryo. Two independent homozygous npf5.5 KO lines display reduced total nitrogen content in the embryo as compared to WT plants, demonstrating an effect of NPF5.5 function on the embryo nitrogen content. Finally, NPF5.5 gene produces two different transcripts (AtNPF5.5a and AtNPF5.5b) encoding proteins with different N-terminal ends. Both proteins are able to transport nitrate in xenopus oocytes.
- Authors: Leran, Sophie , Garg, Bharti , Boursiac, Yann , Corratge-Failli, Claire , Brachet, Chantal , Tillard, Pascal , Gojon, Alain , Lacombe, Benoit
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Scientific Reports Vol. 5, no. (2015), p. 1-7
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Dipeptide (Leu-Leu) and nitrate transport activities of 26 Arabidopsis NPF (NRT1/PTR Family) proteins were screened in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Xenopus laevis oocytes, respectively. Dipeptide transport activity has been confirmed for 2 already known dipeptide transporters (AtNPF8.1 and AtNPF8.3) but none of the other tested NPFs displays dipeptide transport. The nitrate transport screen resulted in the identification of two new nitrate transporters, AtNPF5.5 and AtNPF5.10. The localization of the mRNA coding for NPF5.5 demonstrates that it is the first NPF transporter reported to be expressed in Arabidopsis embryo. Two independent homozygous npf5.5 KO lines display reduced total nitrogen content in the embryo as compared to WT plants, demonstrating an effect of NPF5.5 function on the embryo nitrogen content. Finally, NPF5.5 gene produces two different transcripts (AtNPF5.5a and AtNPF5.5b) encoding proteins with different N-terminal ends. Both proteins are able to transport nitrate in xenopus oocytes.
Characterization of the gut microbiota of Papua New Guineans using reverse transcription quantitative PCR
- Greenhill, Andrew, Tsuji, Hirokazu, Ogata, Kiyohito, Natsuhara, Kazumi, Morita, Ayako, Soli, Kevin, Larkins, Jo-Ann, Tadokoro, Kiyoshi, Odani, Shingo, Baba, Jun, Naito, Yuichi, Tomitsuka, Eriko, Nomoto, Kriko, Siba, Peter, Horwood, Paul, Umezaki, Masahiro
- Authors: Greenhill, Andrew , Tsuji, Hirokazu , Ogata, Kiyohito , Natsuhara, Kazumi , Morita, Ayako , Soli, Kevin , Larkins, Jo-Ann , Tadokoro, Kiyoshi , Odani, Shingo , Baba, Jun , Naito, Yuichi , Tomitsuka, Eriko , Nomoto, Kriko , Siba, Peter , Horwood, Paul , Umezaki, Masahiro
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 10, no. 2 (2015), p. 1-15
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: There has been considerable interest in composition of gut microbiota in recent years, leading to a better understanding of the role the gut microbiota plays in health and disease. Most studies have been limited in their geographical and socioeconomic diversity to high-income settings, and have been conducted using small sample sizes. To date, few analyses have been conducted in low-income settings, where a better understanding of the gut microbiome could lead to the greatest return in terms of health benefits. Here, we have used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting dominant and sub-dominant groups of microorganisms associated with human gut microbiome in 115 people living a subsistence lifestyle in rural areas of Papua New Guinea. Quantification of Clostridium coccoides group, C. leptum subgroup, C. perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis group, Bifidobacterium, Atopobium cluster, Prevotella, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, and Lactobacillus spp. was conducted. Principle coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed two dimensions with Prevotella, clostridia, Atopobium, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus grouping in one dimension, while B. fragilis, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus grouping in the second dimension. Highland people had higher numbers of most groups of bacteria detected, and this is likely a key factor for the differences revealed by PCoA between highland and lowland study participants. Age and sex were not major determinants in microbial population composition. The study demonstrates a gut microbial composition with some similarities to those observed in other low-income settings where traditional diets are consumed, which have previously been suggested to favor energy extraction from a carbohydrate rich diet. © 2015 PLOS ONE.
- Authors: Greenhill, Andrew , Tsuji, Hirokazu , Ogata, Kiyohito , Natsuhara, Kazumi , Morita, Ayako , Soli, Kevin , Larkins, Jo-Ann , Tadokoro, Kiyoshi , Odani, Shingo , Baba, Jun , Naito, Yuichi , Tomitsuka, Eriko , Nomoto, Kriko , Siba, Peter , Horwood, Paul , Umezaki, Masahiro
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 10, no. 2 (2015), p. 1-15
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: There has been considerable interest in composition of gut microbiota in recent years, leading to a better understanding of the role the gut microbiota plays in health and disease. Most studies have been limited in their geographical and socioeconomic diversity to high-income settings, and have been conducted using small sample sizes. To date, few analyses have been conducted in low-income settings, where a better understanding of the gut microbiome could lead to the greatest return in terms of health benefits. Here, we have used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting dominant and sub-dominant groups of microorganisms associated with human gut microbiome in 115 people living a subsistence lifestyle in rural areas of Papua New Guinea. Quantification of Clostridium coccoides group, C. leptum subgroup, C. perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis group, Bifidobacterium, Atopobium cluster, Prevotella, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, and Lactobacillus spp. was conducted. Principle coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed two dimensions with Prevotella, clostridia, Atopobium, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus grouping in one dimension, while B. fragilis, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus grouping in the second dimension. Highland people had higher numbers of most groups of bacteria detected, and this is likely a key factor for the differences revealed by PCoA between highland and lowland study participants. Age and sex were not major determinants in microbial population composition. The study demonstrates a gut microbial composition with some similarities to those observed in other low-income settings where traditional diets are consumed, which have previously been suggested to favor energy extraction from a carbohydrate rich diet. © 2015 PLOS ONE.
Coupling of cellular processes and their coordinated oscillations under continuous light in Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, a diazotrophic unicellular cyanobacterium
- Krishnakumar, Sujatha, Gaudana, Sandeep, Vinh, Nguyen, Viswanathan, Ganesh, Chetty, Madhu, Wangikar, Pramod
- Authors: Krishnakumar, Sujatha , Gaudana, Sandeep , Vinh, Nguyen , Viswanathan, Ganesh , Chetty, Madhu , Wangikar, Pramod
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 10, no. 5 (2015), p. 1-23
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria such as Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 (henceforth Cyanothece), temporally separate the oxygen sensitive nitrogen fixation from oxygen evolving photosynthesis not only under diurnal cycles (LD) but also in continuous light (LL). However, recent reports demonstrate that the oscillations in LL occur with a shorter cycle time of ∼11 h. We find that indeed, majority of the genes oscillate in LL with this cycle time. Genes that are upregulated at a particular time of day under diurnal cycle also get upregulated at an equivalent metabolic phase under LL suggesting tight coupling of various cellular events with each other and with the cell's metabolic status. A number of metabolic processes get upregulated in a coordinated fashion during the respiratory phase under LL including glycogen degradation, glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. These precede nitrogen fixation apparently to ensure sufficient energy and anoxic environment needed for the nitrogenase enzyme. Photosynthetic phase sees upregulation of photosystem II, carbonate transport, carbon concentrating mechanism, RuBisCO, glycogen synthesis and light harvesting antenna pigment biosynthesis. In Synechococcus elongates PCC 7942, a non-nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, expression of a relatively smaller fraction of genes oscillates under LL condition with the major periodicity being 24 h. In contrast, the entire cellular machinery of Cyanothece orchestrates coordinated oscillation in anticipation of the ensuing metabolic phase in both LD and LL. These results may have important implications in understanding the timing of various cellular events and in engineering cyanobacteria for biofuel production. © 2015 Krishnakumar et al.
- Authors: Krishnakumar, Sujatha , Gaudana, Sandeep , Vinh, Nguyen , Viswanathan, Ganesh , Chetty, Madhu , Wangikar, Pramod
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 10, no. 5 (2015), p. 1-23
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria such as Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 (henceforth Cyanothece), temporally separate the oxygen sensitive nitrogen fixation from oxygen evolving photosynthesis not only under diurnal cycles (LD) but also in continuous light (LL). However, recent reports demonstrate that the oscillations in LL occur with a shorter cycle time of ∼11 h. We find that indeed, majority of the genes oscillate in LL with this cycle time. Genes that are upregulated at a particular time of day under diurnal cycle also get upregulated at an equivalent metabolic phase under LL suggesting tight coupling of various cellular events with each other and with the cell's metabolic status. A number of metabolic processes get upregulated in a coordinated fashion during the respiratory phase under LL including glycogen degradation, glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. These precede nitrogen fixation apparently to ensure sufficient energy and anoxic environment needed for the nitrogenase enzyme. Photosynthetic phase sees upregulation of photosystem II, carbonate transport, carbon concentrating mechanism, RuBisCO, glycogen synthesis and light harvesting antenna pigment biosynthesis. In Synechococcus elongates PCC 7942, a non-nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, expression of a relatively smaller fraction of genes oscillates under LL condition with the major periodicity being 24 h. In contrast, the entire cellular machinery of Cyanothece orchestrates coordinated oscillation in anticipation of the ensuing metabolic phase in both LD and LL. These results may have important implications in understanding the timing of various cellular events and in engineering cyanobacteria for biofuel production. © 2015 Krishnakumar et al.
Dealing with Trade-Offs in destructive sampling designs for occupancy surveys
- Canessa, Stefano, Heard, Geoffrey, Robertson, Peter, Sluiter, Ian
- Authors: Canessa, Stefano , Heard, Geoffrey , Robertson, Peter , Sluiter, Ian
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 10, no. 3 (2015), p. e0120340
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Occupancy surveys should be designed to minimise false absences. This is commonly achieved by increasing replication or increasing the efficiency of surveys. In the case of destructive sampling designs, in which searches of individual microhabitats represent the repeat surveys, minimising false absences leads to an inherent trade-off. Surveyors can sample more low quality microhabitats, bearing the resultant financial costs and producing wider-spread impacts, or they can target high quality microhabitats were the focal species is more likely to be found and risk more severe impacts on local habitat quality. We show how this trade-off can be solved with a decision-theoretic approach, using the Millewa Skink Hemiergis millewae from southern Australia as a case study. Hemiergis millewae is an endangered reptile that is best detected using destructive sampling of grass hummocks. Within sites that were known to be occupied by H. millewae, logistic regression modelling revealed that lizards were more frequently detected in large hummocks. If this model is an accurate representation of the detection process, searching large hummocks is more efficient and requires less replication, but this strategy also entails destruction of the best microhabitats for the species. We developed an optimisation tool to calculate the minimum combination of the number and size of hummocks to search to achieve a given cumulative probability of detecting the species at a site, incorporating weights to reflect the sensitivity of the results to a surveyor's priorities. The optimisation showed that placing high weight on minimising volume necessitates impractical replication, whereas placing high weight on minimising replication requires searching very large hummocks which are less common and may be vital for H. millewae. While destructive sampling methods are sometimes necessary, surveyors must be conscious of the ecological impacts of these methods. This study provides a simple tool for identifying sampling strategies that minimise those impacts. © 2015 Canessa et al.
- Authors: Canessa, Stefano , Heard, Geoffrey , Robertson, Peter , Sluiter, Ian
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 10, no. 3 (2015), p. e0120340
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Occupancy surveys should be designed to minimise false absences. This is commonly achieved by increasing replication or increasing the efficiency of surveys. In the case of destructive sampling designs, in which searches of individual microhabitats represent the repeat surveys, minimising false absences leads to an inherent trade-off. Surveyors can sample more low quality microhabitats, bearing the resultant financial costs and producing wider-spread impacts, or they can target high quality microhabitats were the focal species is more likely to be found and risk more severe impacts on local habitat quality. We show how this trade-off can be solved with a decision-theoretic approach, using the Millewa Skink Hemiergis millewae from southern Australia as a case study. Hemiergis millewae is an endangered reptile that is best detected using destructive sampling of grass hummocks. Within sites that were known to be occupied by H. millewae, logistic regression modelling revealed that lizards were more frequently detected in large hummocks. If this model is an accurate representation of the detection process, searching large hummocks is more efficient and requires less replication, but this strategy also entails destruction of the best microhabitats for the species. We developed an optimisation tool to calculate the minimum combination of the number and size of hummocks to search to achieve a given cumulative probability of detecting the species at a site, incorporating weights to reflect the sensitivity of the results to a surveyor's priorities. The optimisation showed that placing high weight on minimising volume necessitates impractical replication, whereas placing high weight on minimising replication requires searching very large hummocks which are less common and may be vital for H. millewae. While destructive sampling methods are sometimes necessary, surveyors must be conscious of the ecological impacts of these methods. This study provides a simple tool for identifying sampling strategies that minimise those impacts. © 2015 Canessa et al.
Detecting the seeds of Nassella neesiana in large round hay bales, by means of non-destructive core sampling
- Weller, Sandra, Florentine, Singarayer, Sillitoe, Jim, Grech, Charles, McLaren, David, Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Authors: Weller, Sandra , Florentine, Singarayer , Sillitoe, Jim , Grech, Charles , McLaren, David , Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Plos One Vol. 10, no. 9 (2015), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In the last three decades or so there has been a significant increase in fodder trading, both in terms of the quantity of fodder traded and in terms of its economic value to the industry. Often, this fodder type may be supplied free of charge to graziers in distress due to circumstances that follow natural disasters such as bushfires, drought, and flood. However, because of the obvious urgency arising from these situations, it is suspected that much relief fodder may unintentionally pose an elevated risk for dispersal of weeds since it may be supplied from pasture not normally used for trade in fodder, and therefore is of unknown quality. Previous destructive method to detect weed propagules in bales of fodder are cumbersome, time consuming and of limited ecological and statistical value. Therefore, objective of this paper was to development of a convenient method to assess round pasture hay bales for the presence of weed propagules, to prevent unintentional spread of noxious species in hay bales. To examine this objective known quantity of seeds were added in a series of distributions to bales of seed free pasture hay, and a positive correlation for the amount of seed added per bale with that recovered in core samples was observed. Whilst the number of seeds detected per bale varied according to the distribution of seeds within the bales and the number of cores analysed, the absolute detection of seeds suggests that this sampling method is worthy of further examination. In addition, a pragmatic estimation of bale remnants after stock feeding has been investigated to more closely estimate the potential size of the remaining seed bank. The authors propose that development of this approach is timely, in the light of future climatic uncertainty driving extreme weather events that increase the need for relief fodder, which can be a potential vector for the spread of noxious weed seeds.
- Authors: Weller, Sandra , Florentine, Singarayer , Sillitoe, Jim , Grech, Charles , McLaren, David , Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Plos One Vol. 10, no. 9 (2015), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In the last three decades or so there has been a significant increase in fodder trading, both in terms of the quantity of fodder traded and in terms of its economic value to the industry. Often, this fodder type may be supplied free of charge to graziers in distress due to circumstances that follow natural disasters such as bushfires, drought, and flood. However, because of the obvious urgency arising from these situations, it is suspected that much relief fodder may unintentionally pose an elevated risk for dispersal of weeds since it may be supplied from pasture not normally used for trade in fodder, and therefore is of unknown quality. Previous destructive method to detect weed propagules in bales of fodder are cumbersome, time consuming and of limited ecological and statistical value. Therefore, objective of this paper was to development of a convenient method to assess round pasture hay bales for the presence of weed propagules, to prevent unintentional spread of noxious species in hay bales. To examine this objective known quantity of seeds were added in a series of distributions to bales of seed free pasture hay, and a positive correlation for the amount of seed added per bale with that recovered in core samples was observed. Whilst the number of seeds detected per bale varied according to the distribution of seeds within the bales and the number of cores analysed, the absolute detection of seeds suggests that this sampling method is worthy of further examination. In addition, a pragmatic estimation of bale remnants after stock feeding has been investigated to more closely estimate the potential size of the remaining seed bank. The authors propose that development of this approach is timely, in the light of future climatic uncertainty driving extreme weather events that increase the need for relief fodder, which can be a potential vector for the spread of noxious weed seeds.
The impact of sex work on women's personal romantic relationships and the mental separation of their work and personal lives : A mixed-methods study
- Bellhouse, Clare, Crebbin, Susan, Fairley, Christopher, Bilardi, Jade
- Authors: Bellhouse, Clare , Crebbin, Susan , Fairley, Christopher , Bilardi, Jade
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Plos One Vol. 10, no. 10 (2015), p. e0141575
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background Very limited research has been undertaken on sex workers' personal romantic relationships and the impact the nature of their work has on their relationships. This exploratory study aimed to explore the impact sex work has on women's personal romantic relationships and the use of mental separation as a coping mechanism to balance the two aspects of their lives. Fifty-five women working in the indoor sex industry in Melbourne, Australia, were recruited to complete a self-report questionnaire about various aspects of their work, including the impact of sex work on their personal relationships. Questionnaires were completed anonymously and included both closed and open-ended questions. A further six women were interviewed to 'member check' the accuracy of the questionnaire findings. Most women (78%) reported that, overall, sex work affected their personal romantic relationships in predominantly negative ways, mainly relating to issues stemming from lying, trust, guilt and jealousy. A small number of women reported positive impacts from sex work including improved sexual self-esteem and confidence. Just under half of women were in a relationship at the time of the study and, of these, 51% reported their partner was aware of the nature of their work. Seventy-seven percent of single women chose to remain single due to the nature of their work. Many women used mental separation as a coping mechanism to manage the tensions between sex work and their personal relationships. Member checking validated the accuracy of the questionnaire data. This exploratory study identified a number of ways in which sex work impacts negatively on women's personal romantic relationships. The findings of this study support the need for further studies to be undertaken to determine if the findings are reflected in a larger, more representative sample of Australian sex workers and should be considered in the context of any future intervention and support programs aimed at addressing the tensions sex workers experience between their work and personal relationships. Greater public awareness and education programs aimed at addressing the negative stigma associated with the sex industry may go some way towards easing the issues faced by women in their personal relationships.
- Authors: Bellhouse, Clare , Crebbin, Susan , Fairley, Christopher , Bilardi, Jade
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Plos One Vol. 10, no. 10 (2015), p. e0141575
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background Very limited research has been undertaken on sex workers' personal romantic relationships and the impact the nature of their work has on their relationships. This exploratory study aimed to explore the impact sex work has on women's personal romantic relationships and the use of mental separation as a coping mechanism to balance the two aspects of their lives. Fifty-five women working in the indoor sex industry in Melbourne, Australia, were recruited to complete a self-report questionnaire about various aspects of their work, including the impact of sex work on their personal relationships. Questionnaires were completed anonymously and included both closed and open-ended questions. A further six women were interviewed to 'member check' the accuracy of the questionnaire findings. Most women (78%) reported that, overall, sex work affected their personal romantic relationships in predominantly negative ways, mainly relating to issues stemming from lying, trust, guilt and jealousy. A small number of women reported positive impacts from sex work including improved sexual self-esteem and confidence. Just under half of women were in a relationship at the time of the study and, of these, 51% reported their partner was aware of the nature of their work. Seventy-seven percent of single women chose to remain single due to the nature of their work. Many women used mental separation as a coping mechanism to manage the tensions between sex work and their personal relationships. Member checking validated the accuracy of the questionnaire data. This exploratory study identified a number of ways in which sex work impacts negatively on women's personal romantic relationships. The findings of this study support the need for further studies to be undertaken to determine if the findings are reflected in a larger, more representative sample of Australian sex workers and should be considered in the context of any future intervention and support programs aimed at addressing the tensions sex workers experience between their work and personal relationships. Greater public awareness and education programs aimed at addressing the negative stigma associated with the sex industry may go some way towards easing the issues faced by women in their personal relationships.
Undiagnosed cryptic diversity in small, microendemic frogs (Leptolalax) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam
- Rowley, Jodi, Tran, Dao, Frankham, Greta, Dekker, Anthony, Le, Duong, Nguyen, Truong, Dau, Vinh, Hoang, Huy
- Authors: Rowley, Jodi , Tran, Dao , Frankham, Greta , Dekker, Anthony , Le, Duong , Nguyen, Truong , Dau, Vinh , Hoang, Huy
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 10, no. 5 (2015), p. 1-21
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: A major obstacle in prioritizing species or habitats for conservation is the degree of unrecognized diversity hidden within complexes of morphologically similar, "cryptic" species. Given that amphibians are one of the most threatened groups of organisms on the planet, our inability to diagnose their true diversity is likely to have significant conservation consequences. This is particularly true in areas undergoing rapid deforestation, such as Southeast Asia. The Southeast Asian genus Leptolalax is a group of small-bodied, morphologically conserved frogs that inhabit the forest-floor. We examined a particularly smallbodied and morphologically conserved subset, the Leptolalax applebyi group, using a combination of molecular, morphometric, and acoustic data to identify previously unknown diversity within. In order to predict the geographic distribution of the group, estimate the effects of habitat loss and assess the degree of habitat protection, we used our locality data to perform ecological niche modelling using MaxEnt. Molecular (mtDNA and nuDNA), acoustic and subtle morphometric differences revealed a significant underestimation of diversity in the L. applebyi group; at least two-thirds of the diversity may be unrecognised. Patterns of diversification and microendemism in the group appear driven by limited dispersal, likely due to their small body size, with several lineages restricted to watershed basins. The L. applebyi group is predicted to have historically occurred over a large area of the Central Highlands of Vietnam, a considerable portion of which has already been deforested. Less than a quarter of the remaining forest predicted to be suitable for the group falls within current protected areas. The predicted distribution of the L. applebyi group extends into unsurveyed watershed basins, each potentially containing unsampled diversity, some of which may have already been lost due to deforestation. Current estimates of amphibian diversity based on morphology alone are misleading, and accurate alpha taxonomy is essential to accurately prioritize conservation efforts. © 2015 Rowley et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
- Authors: Rowley, Jodi , Tran, Dao , Frankham, Greta , Dekker, Anthony , Le, Duong , Nguyen, Truong , Dau, Vinh , Hoang, Huy
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 10, no. 5 (2015), p. 1-21
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: A major obstacle in prioritizing species or habitats for conservation is the degree of unrecognized diversity hidden within complexes of morphologically similar, "cryptic" species. Given that amphibians are one of the most threatened groups of organisms on the planet, our inability to diagnose their true diversity is likely to have significant conservation consequences. This is particularly true in areas undergoing rapid deforestation, such as Southeast Asia. The Southeast Asian genus Leptolalax is a group of small-bodied, morphologically conserved frogs that inhabit the forest-floor. We examined a particularly smallbodied and morphologically conserved subset, the Leptolalax applebyi group, using a combination of molecular, morphometric, and acoustic data to identify previously unknown diversity within. In order to predict the geographic distribution of the group, estimate the effects of habitat loss and assess the degree of habitat protection, we used our locality data to perform ecological niche modelling using MaxEnt. Molecular (mtDNA and nuDNA), acoustic and subtle morphometric differences revealed a significant underestimation of diversity in the L. applebyi group; at least two-thirds of the diversity may be unrecognised. Patterns of diversification and microendemism in the group appear driven by limited dispersal, likely due to their small body size, with several lineages restricted to watershed basins. The L. applebyi group is predicted to have historically occurred over a large area of the Central Highlands of Vietnam, a considerable portion of which has already been deforested. Less than a quarter of the remaining forest predicted to be suitable for the group falls within current protected areas. The predicted distribution of the L. applebyi group extends into unsurveyed watershed basins, each potentially containing unsampled diversity, some of which may have already been lost due to deforestation. Current estimates of amphibian diversity based on morphology alone are misleading, and accurate alpha taxonomy is essential to accurately prioritize conservation efforts. © 2015 Rowley et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Acute exercise leads to regulation of Telomere-Associated genes and MicroRNA expression in immune Cells
- Chilton, Warrick, Marques, Francine, West, Jenny, Kannourakis, George, Berzins, Stuart, O'Brien, Brendan, Charchar, Fadi
- Authors: Chilton, Warrick , Marques, Francine , West, Jenny , Kannourakis, George , Berzins, Stuart , O'Brien, Brendan , Charchar, Fadi
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PloS One Vol. 9, no. 4 (2014), p. e92088
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- Description: Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures that protect chromosomal ends from degradation. These structures progressively shorten during cellular division and can signal replicative senescence below a critical length. Telomere length is predominantly maintained by the enzyme telomerase. Significant decreases in telomere length and telomerase activity are associated with a host of chronic diseases; conversely their maintenance underpins the optimal function of the adaptive immune system. Habitual physical activity is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length; however, the precise mechanisms are unclear. Potential hypotheses include regulation of telomeric gene transcription and/or microRNAs (miRNAs). We investigated the acute exercise-induced response of telomeric genes and miRNAs in twenty-two healthy males (mean age = 24.1±1.55 years). Participants undertook 30 minutes of treadmill running at 80% of peak oxygen uptake. Blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately post-exercise and 60 minutes post-exercise. Total RNA from white blood cells was submitted to miRNA arrays and telomere extension mRNA array. Results were individually validated in white blood cells and sorted T cell lymphocyte subsets using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA (P = 0.001) and sirtuin-6 (SIRT6) (P<0.05) mRNA expression were upregulated in white blood cells after exercise. Fifty-six miRNAs were also differentially regulated post-exercise (FDR <0.05). In silico analysis identified four miRNAs (miR-186, miR-181, miR-15a and miR-96) that potentially targeted telomeric gene mRNA. The four miRNAs exhibited significant upregulation 60 minutes post-exercise (P<0.001). Telomeric repeat binding factor 2, interacting protein (TERF2IP) was identified as a potential binding target for miR-186 and miR-96 and demonstrated concomitant downregulation (P<0.01) at the corresponding time point. Intense cardiorespiratory exercise was sufficient to differentially regulate key telomeric genes and miRNAs in white blood cells. These results may provide a mechanistic insight into telomere homeostasis and improved immune function and physical health. Funding NHMRC
- Authors: Chilton, Warrick , Marques, Francine , West, Jenny , Kannourakis, George , Berzins, Stuart , O'Brien, Brendan , Charchar, Fadi
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PloS One Vol. 9, no. 4 (2014), p. e92088
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures that protect chromosomal ends from degradation. These structures progressively shorten during cellular division and can signal replicative senescence below a critical length. Telomere length is predominantly maintained by the enzyme telomerase. Significant decreases in telomere length and telomerase activity are associated with a host of chronic diseases; conversely their maintenance underpins the optimal function of the adaptive immune system. Habitual physical activity is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length; however, the precise mechanisms are unclear. Potential hypotheses include regulation of telomeric gene transcription and/or microRNAs (miRNAs). We investigated the acute exercise-induced response of telomeric genes and miRNAs in twenty-two healthy males (mean age = 24.1±1.55 years). Participants undertook 30 minutes of treadmill running at 80% of peak oxygen uptake. Blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately post-exercise and 60 minutes post-exercise. Total RNA from white blood cells was submitted to miRNA arrays and telomere extension mRNA array. Results were individually validated in white blood cells and sorted T cell lymphocyte subsets using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA (P = 0.001) and sirtuin-6 (SIRT6) (P<0.05) mRNA expression were upregulated in white blood cells after exercise. Fifty-six miRNAs were also differentially regulated post-exercise (FDR <0.05). In silico analysis identified four miRNAs (miR-186, miR-181, miR-15a and miR-96) that potentially targeted telomeric gene mRNA. The four miRNAs exhibited significant upregulation 60 minutes post-exercise (P<0.001). Telomeric repeat binding factor 2, interacting protein (TERF2IP) was identified as a potential binding target for miR-186 and miR-96 and demonstrated concomitant downregulation (P<0.01) at the corresponding time point. Intense cardiorespiratory exercise was sufficient to differentially regulate key telomeric genes and miRNAs in white blood cells. These results may provide a mechanistic insight into telomere homeostasis and improved immune function and physical health. Funding NHMRC
Assessment of clogging phenomena in granular filter media used for stormwater treatment
- Kandra, Harpreet, McCarthy, David, Fletcher, Tim, Deletic, Ana
- Authors: Kandra, Harpreet , McCarthy, David , Fletcher, Tim , Deletic, Ana
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Hydrology Vol. 512, no. (2014), p. 518-527
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- Description: Hydraulic performance of granular filter media and its evolution over time is a key design parameter for stormwater filtration and infiltration systems that are now widely used in management of polluted urban runoff. In fact, clogging of filter media is recognised as the main limiting factor of these stormwater treatment systems. This paper focuses on the effect of physical characteristics of filter media and flow-through rates on the clogging of stormwater filters. Five replicate experimental columns were constructed using zeolite, scoria, riversand and polymeric glass beads, and different flow-through rates were achieved using restricted outlets. The systems were dosed with semi-synthetic stormwater and the evolution of hydraulic performance and sediment removal rate was observed (for four filter media and across four flow rates) to investigate impacts of media type and flow rate. It was found that shape and smoothness of filter media grains had limited effect on clogging and sediment removal rate. All media except scoria clogged after similar volumes of stormwater but scoria-based filters were found to be highly variable in performance, most likely due to breakdown of its particles. Conversely, flow-through rate significantly affected clogging and sediment removal rate. For instance, in the case of zeolite filters, the systems with the lowest flow rate clogged after application of over 30. m of stormwater, while the unrestricted zeolite columns (with 200 times the flow rate) clogged after only 10. m of applied stormwater. At the same time, the zeolite filters with the lowest flow rate had an overall treatment efficiency of 88% compared with the unrestricted design's efficiency of 59%. Further work is needed to analyse the influence of filter bed design, stormwater inflow characteristics and drying and wetting regimes on clogging and to understand the location of the clogged material in these filters. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
- Authors: Kandra, Harpreet , McCarthy, David , Fletcher, Tim , Deletic, Ana
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Hydrology Vol. 512, no. (2014), p. 518-527
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Hydraulic performance of granular filter media and its evolution over time is a key design parameter for stormwater filtration and infiltration systems that are now widely used in management of polluted urban runoff. In fact, clogging of filter media is recognised as the main limiting factor of these stormwater treatment systems. This paper focuses on the effect of physical characteristics of filter media and flow-through rates on the clogging of stormwater filters. Five replicate experimental columns were constructed using zeolite, scoria, riversand and polymeric glass beads, and different flow-through rates were achieved using restricted outlets. The systems were dosed with semi-synthetic stormwater and the evolution of hydraulic performance and sediment removal rate was observed (for four filter media and across four flow rates) to investigate impacts of media type and flow rate. It was found that shape and smoothness of filter media grains had limited effect on clogging and sediment removal rate. All media except scoria clogged after similar volumes of stormwater but scoria-based filters were found to be highly variable in performance, most likely due to breakdown of its particles. Conversely, flow-through rate significantly affected clogging and sediment removal rate. For instance, in the case of zeolite filters, the systems with the lowest flow rate clogged after application of over 30. m of stormwater, while the unrestricted zeolite columns (with 200 times the flow rate) clogged after only 10. m of applied stormwater. At the same time, the zeolite filters with the lowest flow rate had an overall treatment efficiency of 88% compared with the unrestricted design's efficiency of 59%. Further work is needed to analyse the influence of filter bed design, stormwater inflow characteristics and drying and wetting regimes on clogging and to understand the location of the clogged material in these filters. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Colour-temperature correspondences : When reactions to thermal stimuli are influenced by colour
- Ho, Hsin-Ni, Van Doorn, George, Watanabe, Takahiro, Spence, Charles
- Authors: Ho, Hsin-Ni , Van Doorn, George , Watanabe, Takahiro , Spence, Charles
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS One Vol. 9, no. 3 (2014), p. e91854
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- Description: In our daily lives, information concerning temperature is often provided by means of colour cues, with red typically being associated with warm/hot, and blue with cold. While such correspondences have been known about for many years, they have primarily been studied using subjective report measures. Here we examined this correspondence using two more objective response measures. First, we used the Implicit Association Test (IAT), a test designed to assess the strength of automatic associations between different concepts in a given individual. Second, we used a priming task that involved speeded target discrimination in order to assess whether priming colour or thermal information could invoke the crossmodal association. The results of the IAT confirmed that the association exists at the level of response selection, thus indicating that a participant's responses to colour or thermal stimuli are influenced by the colour-temperature correspondence. The results of the priming experiment revealed that priming a colour affected thermal discrimination reaction times (RTs), but thermal cues did not influence colour discrimination responses. These results may therefore provide important clues as to the level of processing at which such colour-temperature correspondences are represented.
- Authors: Ho, Hsin-Ni , Van Doorn, George , Watanabe, Takahiro , Spence, Charles
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS One Vol. 9, no. 3 (2014), p. e91854
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In our daily lives, information concerning temperature is often provided by means of colour cues, with red typically being associated with warm/hot, and blue with cold. While such correspondences have been known about for many years, they have primarily been studied using subjective report measures. Here we examined this correspondence using two more objective response measures. First, we used the Implicit Association Test (IAT), a test designed to assess the strength of automatic associations between different concepts in a given individual. Second, we used a priming task that involved speeded target discrimination in order to assess whether priming colour or thermal information could invoke the crossmodal association. The results of the IAT confirmed that the association exists at the level of response selection, thus indicating that a participant's responses to colour or thermal stimuli are influenced by the colour-temperature correspondence. The results of the priming experiment revealed that priming a colour affected thermal discrimination reaction times (RTs), but thermal cues did not influence colour discrimination responses. These results may therefore provide important clues as to the level of processing at which such colour-temperature correspondences are represented.