Acute effects of two massage techniques on ankle joint flexibility and power of the plantar flexors
- McKechnie, Grant, Young, Warren, Behm, David
- Authors: McKechnie, Grant , Young, Warren , Behm, David
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Vol. 6, no. 4 (2007), p. 498-504
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- Description: The purpose of this study was to determine if three minutes of petrissage and tapotement forms of massage would influence plantar flexors' flexibility, and muscle power. Nineteen participants were randomly subjected to three conditions (control and two massages) before performing two power tests. Prior to the intervention, subjects completed ankle joint flexibility assessments. The conditions were; (1) control, where subjects lay prone and had a therapist's hands resting, (2) vigorous petrissage, and (3) tapotement applied at a rate of 4Hz; all on the triceps surae. Following completion of the intervention, subjects immediately completed a post-ankle joint flexibility test, followed by a drop-jump and concentric calf raise. The power measures were; concentric peak force, rate of force development, and drop-jump height / contact time. The data showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in ankle joint angle on the right leg and a corresponding tendency on the left. No significant change was seen with the power measures. Results suggest that massage can increase plantar flexors' flexibility without a change in power and thus may be an alternative to static stretching during an athletic warm-up. ©Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2007).
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005657
- Authors: McKechnie, Grant , Young, Warren , Behm, David
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Vol. 6, no. 4 (2007), p. 498-504
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The purpose of this study was to determine if three minutes of petrissage and tapotement forms of massage would influence plantar flexors' flexibility, and muscle power. Nineteen participants were randomly subjected to three conditions (control and two massages) before performing two power tests. Prior to the intervention, subjects completed ankle joint flexibility assessments. The conditions were; (1) control, where subjects lay prone and had a therapist's hands resting, (2) vigorous petrissage, and (3) tapotement applied at a rate of 4Hz; all on the triceps surae. Following completion of the intervention, subjects immediately completed a post-ankle joint flexibility test, followed by a drop-jump and concentric calf raise. The power measures were; concentric peak force, rate of force development, and drop-jump height / contact time. The data showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in ankle joint angle on the right leg and a corresponding tendency on the left. No significant change was seen with the power measures. Results suggest that massage can increase plantar flexors' flexibility without a change in power and thus may be an alternative to static stretching during an athletic warm-up. ©Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2007).
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005657
Trunk muscle activation during dynamic weight-training exercises and isometric instability activities
- Hamlyn, Nicole, Behm, David, Young, Warren
- Authors: Hamlyn, Nicole , Behm, David , Young, Warren
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 21, no. 4 (2007), p. 1108-1112
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- Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of activation in various trunk muscles during dynamic weight-training and isometric instability exercises. Sixteen subjects performed squats and deadlifts with 80% 1 repetition maximum (IRM), as well as with body weight as resistance and 2 unstable calisthenic-type exercises (superman and sidebridge). Electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured from the lower abdominals (LA), external obliques (EO), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES), and lumbar-sacral erector spinae (LSES) muscle groups. Results indicated that the LSES EMG activity during the 80% IRM squat significantly exceeded 80% IRM deadlift LSES EMG activity by 34.5%. The LSES EMG activity of the 80% IRM squat also exceeded the body weight squat, deadlift, superman, and sidebridge by 56, 56.6, 65.5, and 53.1%, respectively. The 80% IRM deadlift ULES EMG activity significantly exceeded the 80% IRM squat exercise by 12.9%. In addition, the 80% IRM deadlift ULES EMG activity also exceeded the body weight squat, deadlift, superman, and sidebridge exercises by 66.7, 65.5, 69.3, and 68.6%, respectively. There were no significant changes in EO or LA activity. Therefore, the augmented activity of the LSES and ULES during 80% IRM squat and deadlift resistance exercises exceeded the activation levels achieved with the same exercises performed with body weight and selected instability exercises. Individuals performing upright, resisted, dynamic exercises can achieve high trunk muscle activation and thus may not need to add instability device exercises to augment core stability training. © 2007 National Strength & Conditioning Association.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005669
- Authors: Hamlyn, Nicole , Behm, David , Young, Warren
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 21, no. 4 (2007), p. 1108-1112
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of activation in various trunk muscles during dynamic weight-training and isometric instability exercises. Sixteen subjects performed squats and deadlifts with 80% 1 repetition maximum (IRM), as well as with body weight as resistance and 2 unstable calisthenic-type exercises (superman and sidebridge). Electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured from the lower abdominals (LA), external obliques (EO), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES), and lumbar-sacral erector spinae (LSES) muscle groups. Results indicated that the LSES EMG activity during the 80% IRM squat significantly exceeded 80% IRM deadlift LSES EMG activity by 34.5%. The LSES EMG activity of the 80% IRM squat also exceeded the body weight squat, deadlift, superman, and sidebridge by 56, 56.6, 65.5, and 53.1%, respectively. The 80% IRM deadlift ULES EMG activity significantly exceeded the 80% IRM squat exercise by 12.9%. In addition, the 80% IRM deadlift ULES EMG activity also exceeded the body weight squat, deadlift, superman, and sidebridge exercises by 66.7, 65.5, 69.3, and 68.6%, respectively. There were no significant changes in EO or LA activity. Therefore, the augmented activity of the LSES and ULES during 80% IRM squat and deadlift resistance exercises exceeded the activation levels achieved with the same exercises performed with body weight and selected instability exercises. Individuals performing upright, resisted, dynamic exercises can achieve high trunk muscle activation and thus may not need to add instability device exercises to augment core stability training. © 2007 National Strength & Conditioning Association.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005669
Fixed foot balance training increases rectus femoris activation during landing and jump height in recreationally active women
- Kean, Crystal, Behm, David, Young, Warren
- Authors: Kean, Crystal , Behm, David , Young, Warren
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Vol. 5, no. 1 (2006), p. 138-148
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- Description: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of fixed foot and functionally directed balance training on static balance time, muscle activation during landing, vertical jump height and sprint time. Twenty-four recreationally active females were tested pre- and post-training (fixed foot balance training, n= 11, functionally directed balance training, n = 7 and control group, n = 6). Experimental subjects completed either fixed foot or functionally directed balance exercises 4 times/week for 6 weeks. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess preparatory and reactive muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and the soleus during one- and two-foot landings following a jump. Maximum vertical jump height, static balance and 20-meter sprint times were also examined. The fixed foot balance-training group showed a 33% improvement (p < 0.05) in static balance time and 9% improvement in jump height. Neither type of training improved sprint times. Further analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) overall (data collapsed over groups and legs) increases in reactive RF activity when landing. Independently, the fixed foot balance group showed a 33% increase in reactive RF activity (p < 0.01). Overall, there was also significantly less reactive co-activation following training (p < 0.05). It appears that fixed foot balance training for recreationally active women may provide greater RF activity when landing and increased countermovement jump height. ©Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2006).
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002123
- Authors: Kean, Crystal , Behm, David , Young, Warren
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Vol. 5, no. 1 (2006), p. 138-148
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of fixed foot and functionally directed balance training on static balance time, muscle activation during landing, vertical jump height and sprint time. Twenty-four recreationally active females were tested pre- and post-training (fixed foot balance training, n= 11, functionally directed balance training, n = 7 and control group, n = 6). Experimental subjects completed either fixed foot or functionally directed balance exercises 4 times/week for 6 weeks. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess preparatory and reactive muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and the soleus during one- and two-foot landings following a jump. Maximum vertical jump height, static balance and 20-meter sprint times were also examined. The fixed foot balance-training group showed a 33% improvement (p < 0.05) in static balance time and 9% improvement in jump height. Neither type of training improved sprint times. Further analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) overall (data collapsed over groups and legs) increases in reactive RF activity when landing. Independently, the fixed foot balance group showed a 33% increase in reactive RF activity (p < 0.01). Overall, there was also significantly less reactive co-activation following training (p < 0.05). It appears that fixed foot balance training for recreationally active women may provide greater RF activity when landing and increased countermovement jump height. ©Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2006).
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002123
Trunk muscle electromyographic activity with unstable and unilateral exercises
- Behm, David, Leonard, Allison, Young, Warren, Bonsey, Andrew, MacKinnon, Scott N.
- Authors: Behm, David , Leonard, Allison , Young, Warren , Bonsey, Andrew , MacKinnon, Scott N.
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 19, no. 1 (2005), p. 193-201
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- Description: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the effect of unstable and unilateral resistance exercises on trunk muscle activation. Eleven subjects (6 men and 5 women) between 20 and 45 years of age participated. Six trunk exercises, as well as unilateral and bilateral shoulder and chest presses against resistance, were performed on stable (bench) and unstable (Swiss ball) bases. Electromyographic activity of the upper lumbar, lumbosacral erector spinae, and lower-abdominal muscles were monitored. Instability generated greater activation of the lower-abdominal stabilizer musculature (27.9%) with the trunk exercises and all trunk stabilizers (37.7-54.3%) with the chest press. There was no effect of instability on the shoulder press. Unilateral shoulder press produced greater activation of the back stabilizers, and unilateral chest press resulted in higher activation of all trunk stabilizers, when compared with bilateral presses. Regardless of stability, the superman exercise was the most effective trunk-stabilizer exercise for back-stabilizer activation, whereas the side bridge was the optimal exercise for lower-abdominal muscle activation. Thus, the most effective means for trunk strengthening should involve back or abdominal exercises with unstable bases. Furthermore, trunk strengthening can also occur when performing resistance exercises for the limbs, if the exercises are performed unilaterally. © 2005 National Strength & Conditioning Association.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001184
- Authors: Behm, David , Leonard, Allison , Young, Warren , Bonsey, Andrew , MacKinnon, Scott N.
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 19, no. 1 (2005), p. 193-201
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the effect of unstable and unilateral resistance exercises on trunk muscle activation. Eleven subjects (6 men and 5 women) between 20 and 45 years of age participated. Six trunk exercises, as well as unilateral and bilateral shoulder and chest presses against resistance, were performed on stable (bench) and unstable (Swiss ball) bases. Electromyographic activity of the upper lumbar, lumbosacral erector spinae, and lower-abdominal muscles were monitored. Instability generated greater activation of the lower-abdominal stabilizer musculature (27.9%) with the trunk exercises and all trunk stabilizers (37.7-54.3%) with the chest press. There was no effect of instability on the shoulder press. Unilateral shoulder press produced greater activation of the back stabilizers, and unilateral chest press resulted in higher activation of all trunk stabilizers, when compared with bilateral presses. Regardless of stability, the superman exercise was the most effective trunk-stabilizer exercise for back-stabilizer activation, whereas the side bridge was the optimal exercise for lower-abdominal muscle activation. Thus, the most effective means for trunk strengthening should involve back or abdominal exercises with unstable bases. Furthermore, trunk strengthening can also occur when performing resistance exercises for the limbs, if the exercises are performed unilaterally. © 2005 National Strength & Conditioning Association.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001184
Should static stretching be used during a warm-up for strength and power activities?
- Authors: Young, Warren , Behm, David
- Date: 2002
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 24, no. 6 (2002), p. 33-37
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- Description: 2003000236
- Authors: Young, Warren , Behm, David
- Date: 2002
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 24, no. 6 (2002), p. 33-37
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: 2003000236
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