List of Titles

Parent ratings of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire : What is the optimum factor model?

- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasilis

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasilis
Date: 2019
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Assessment Vol. 26, no. 6 (2019), p. 1142-1153
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Description: To date, at least 12 different models have been suggested for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The current study used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the relative support for these models. In all, 1,407 Malaysian parents completed SDQ ratings of their children (age range = 5-13 years). Although the findings showed some degree of support for all 12 models, there was most support for an oblique six-factor model that included the five SDQ domains (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and low prosocial behavior) and a positive construal factor comprising all the 10 SDQ positive worded items. The original proposed five-factor oblique model also showed good fit. The implications of the findings for understanding the results of past studies of the structural models of the parent version of the SDQ, and for clinical and research practice involving the SDQ are discussed.

ROC analyses of relevant conners 3–short forms, CBCL, and TRF scales for screening ADHD and ODD

- Gomez, Rapson, Vance, Alasdair, Watson, Shaun, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
Date: 2019
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Assessment Vol. 28 , no.1 (2021), p. 73-85
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Description: Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to examine and compare the diagnostic accuracy of the Conners 3–Parent Short Form (C 3-P(S)), and the Conners 3–Teacher Short Form (C 3-T(S)) inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scales, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher’s Report Form (TRF) attention problems scales, to distinguish those with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It also examined and compared the diagnostic accuracy of the C 3-P(S) and C 3-T(S) Aggression (AG) scales, and the CBCL and TRF Aggressive Behavior (AB) scales, to distinguish those with and without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The study used archival data (N = 150-261) involving a large group of clinic-referred children aged between 6 and 11 years who had been interviewed for clinical diagnosis of ADHD and ODD using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children (ADISC-IV) as the reference standard, and then administered one or more of the screening measures. The findings provided empirical support for the use of the C 3-P(S) and CBCL for identifying ADHD and ODD, with the CBCL aggressive behavior scale having better ability to detect ODD. The implications of the findings for using the screening scales for diagnoses of ADHD and ODD are discussed. © The Author(s) 2019.

Adolescent pornography use : A systematic literature review of research trends 2000-2017

- Alexandraki, Kyriaki, Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Anderson, Emma, Latifi, Mohammad, Gomez, Rapson

Authors: Alexandraki, Kyriaki , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Anderson, Emma , Latifi, Mohammad , Gomez, Rapson
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article , Review
Relation: Current Psychiatry Reviews Vol. 14, no. 1 (2018), p. 47-58
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Description: Background: Pornography Use (PU) has been defined as the viewing of explicit materials in the form of pictures and videos, in which people are performing intercourse with clearly exposed and visible genitals. The prevalence of PU has increased dramatically among adolescents, partly attributed to the wide availability of such online material. Objective: The aim of this systematic literature review is to map the research interest in the field and to examine whether statistically significant results have emerged from the areas of research focus. Methods: To address these aims: a) the PRISMA guidelines are adopted and; b) an integrative conceptualization (derived from the merging of two widely accepted models of understanding of Internet use behaviours) was introduced to guide the synthesis of the findings. Results: In total, 57 studies were integrated into the present literature review. Findings were concep-tualized/ classified into individual, contextual and activity factors related to PU in adolescence. In that context, individual associated factors, such as development, victimization, mental health and religiosity, appear to have primarily captivated research interest demonstrating significant relationships with adolescent PU. Conclusion: Results indicate that more research focus on contextual and activity related factors is required to improve the level of understanding of adolescent PU and to inform a more holistic conceptual framework of understanding of the phenomenon during adolescence that could potentially guide future research.

Flow on the Internet : A longitudinal study of Internet addiction symptoms during adolescence

- Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Griffiths, Mark, Burleigh, Tyrone, Kuss, Daria, Doh, Young, Gomez, Rapson

Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Griffiths, Mark , Burleigh, Tyrone , Kuss, Daria , Doh, Young , Gomez, Rapson
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Behaviour and Information Technology Vol. 37, no. 2 (2018), p. 159-172
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Description: Internet Addiction (IA) constitutes an excessive Internet use behavior with a significant impact on the user’s well-being. Online flow describes the users’ level of being absorbed by their online activity. The present study investigated age-related, gender, and flow effects on IA in adolescence. The sample comprised 648 adolescents who were assessed twice at age 16 and 18 years. IA was assessed using the Internet Addiction Test and online flow was assessed using the Online Flow Questionnaire. A three-level hierarchical model estimated age-related, gender, and online flow effects on IA symptoms and controlled for clustered random effects. IA symptoms decreased over time (for both genders) with a slower rate in males. Online flow was associated with IA symptoms and this remained consistent over time. Findings expand upon the available literature suggesting that IA symptoms could function as a development-related manifestation at the age of 16 years, while IA-related gender differences gradually increase between 16 and 18 years. Finally, the association between online flow and IA symptoms remained stable independent of age-related effects. The study highlights individual differences and provides directions for more targeted prevention and intervention initiatives for IA. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Item response theory analysis of the anxiety and mood disorders in clinic-referred children

- Gomez, Rapson, Vance, Alasdair

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Assessment Vol. 25, no. 2 (2016), p. 235-246
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Description: There is evidence that the major anxiety and depressive disorders could reflect a single underlying internalization factor. For a group of 1,031 clinic-referred children, the study examined support for this factor, and used the two-parameter logistic model to examine the item response theory properties of the disorders in this factor. For the set of anxiety and depressive disorders, confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor model. The two-parameter logistic model analysis indicated that all the internalizing disorders in this factor were strong discriminators of the internalizing dimension. Also, they measured more of the internalizing dimension and with more precision in the upper half of the trait continuum. There was also support for the convergent validity of the internalizing dimension, in that it had large-to-medium effect size correlations with internalizing scores of other measures. The implications of the findings for clinical practice and clinical classification are discussed.

Maternal ratings of ODD symptoms : Subtypes versus severity in a general community sample of children

- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol. 81, no. (2018), p. 81-90
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Description: Background and aims: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a common childhood disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000; APA, 2013). The aim of the present study was to ascertain the optimal structure for the ODD symptoms by identifying whether ODD is a qualitatively distinct entity (categorical) or is a continuum, with high levels on this continuum reflecting ODD (quantitative or dimensional view). Methods: Mothers' ratings of the ODD symptoms of 457 children, aged 3 to 15 years, as presented in the disruptive behavior rating scale were obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), latent class analysis (LCA), and factor mixture modelling (FMM) were applied to determine the best model for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in children. Results: The findings provided most support for a FMM with 3 classes (unaffected odd class, at risk class, and affected class) and 3 factors (oppositional, antagonistic, and negative affect). Conclusion: The findings are discussed in relation to dimensional, categorical, and hybrid (categorical/dimensional) models of ODD symptoms.

Resiliency among older adults : Dispositional hope as a protective factor in the insomnia–depressive symptoms relation

- Trezise, Alexandra, McLaren, Suzanne, Gomez, Rapson, Bice, Bridget, Hodgetts, Jessica

Authors: Trezise, Alexandra , McLaren, Suzanne , Gomez, Rapson , Bice, Bridget , Hodgetts, Jessica
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Aging and Mental Health Vol. 22, no. 8 (2018), p. 1088-1096
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Description: Objectives: Depression is a significant mental health issue among older Australian adults. Research has indicated that insomnia is a key risk factor for the development of depressive symptoms in older adults, and that dispositional hope may be protective against the development of depressive symptoms in this population. This study examined whether dispositional hope and its dimensions, agency and pathways, moderated the relationship between insomnia symptoms and depressive symptoms among older Australian adults. Method: A community sample of 88 men (Mage = 71.11, SDage = 5.54) and 111 women (Mage = 70.25, SDage = 4.64), aged 65–94 years, completed the Insomnia Severity Index, Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, and Centre of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results: After controlling for gender, age, relationship status, education level, method of participation, and perceived physical health, results supported the moderation models. The insomnia–depressive symptoms relation was significant for older adults with low and average (but not high) levels of dispositional hope, agency, and pathways. The Johnson–Neyman analyses indicated that the insomnia–depressive symptoms relation was significant for older adults who scored below 27.10 on dispositional hope, below 13.73 on agency, and below 13.49 and above 15.64 on pathways. Conclusion: The results of this study imply that interventions aimed at increasing dispositional hope, agency, and pathways among older adults who experience symptoms of insomnia may reduce their depressive symptoms. A cautionary note, however, is that very high scores on pathways among older adults who experience insomnia symptoms may be detrimental to their mental health.

Test-retest measurement invariance of clinic referred children’s ADHD symptoms

- Gomez, Rapson, Vance, Alasdair, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Vol. 40, no. 2 (2018), p. 194-205
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Description: This study examined the test-retest measurement invariance of ratings of the ADHD symptoms. Mothers of a group of 217 clinic-referred children (boys = 169, girls = 49; age range = 7 to 17 years) completed ratings of the ADHD symptoms presented in a modified version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN-M) twice, 12 months apart. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of their ratings at both time points provided more support for the bifactor model of ADHD [orthogonal general and specific factors for inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) symptoms] over the 2-factor oblique model (factors for inattention IA and HI symptoms). For the bifactor model, measurement invariance testing using multiple-group CFA indicated support for configural and full scalar test-retest invariance when the chi-square difference test was applied. For metric invariance, all but one symptom showed invariance. When the differences in approximate fit indices were applied, there was support for full measurement invariance (configural, metric and scalar). The findings indicate that observed scores (based on maternal ratings of the SWAM-M), twelve months apart, are comparable as they have the same measurement properties. Several practical, theoretical, research and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Cloninger's personality dimensions and ADHD : A meta-analytic review

- Gomez, Rapson, Van Doorn, George, Watson, Shaun, Gomez, Andre, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Van Doorn, George , Watson, Shaun , Gomez, Andre , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article , Review
Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 107, no. (2017), p. 219-227
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Description: A meta-analysis of up to 20 datasets is reported that examined the relationships between Cloninger's personality dimensions and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Cloninger's model comprises four temperament (Novelty-Seeking, Harm-Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and three character (Self-Directedness, Cooperation, and Self-Transcendence) dimensions. Major findings were that all personality dimensions, except Self-Transcendence, were significantly associated with ADHD. These associations had different directions and magnitudes of relationship with ADHD. The associations were especially strong for Novelty-Seeking and Self-Directedness, being positive for Novelty-Seeking and negative for Self-Directedness. In addition, the association between ADHD and Persistence was moderated by age (stronger in children than adults) and source (stronger in clinical samples than community samples). Further, the association between harm avoidance and ADHD was moderated by age (strong and significant in adults, but not significant in children). Findings are discussed in relation to past work and the different strengths of the associations found between Cloninger's personality dimensions and ADHD, developmental differences in these relationships, implications for theoretical models of ADHD, the influence of biological and environmental factors in the expression of ADHD, implications for treatment and diagnosis, and the underlying processes for the relationships between personality and ADHD. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Factor structure of parent and teacher ratings of the ODD symptoms for Malaysian primary school children

- Gomez, Rapson

Authors: Gomez, Rapson
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Asian Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 25, no. (2017), p. 22-26
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Description: This present study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the applicability of one-, two- three- and second order Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) factor models, proposed in previous studies, in a group of Malaysian primary school children. These models were primarily based on parent reports. In the current study, parent and teacher ratings of the ODD symptoms were obtained for 934 children. For both groups of respondents, the findings showing some support for all models examined, with most support for a second order model with Burke et al. (2010) three factors (oppositional, antagonistic, and negative affect) as the primary factors. The diagnostic implications of the findings are discussed. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale : Invariance across heterosexual men, heterosexual women, gay men, and lesbians

- Gomez, Rapson, McLaren, Suzanne

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , McLaren, Suzanne
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 29, no. 4 (2017), p. 361-371
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Description: The present study examined measurement invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in community groups of Australian heterosexual men (N = 1106), heterosexual women (N = 2111), gay men (N = 527), and lesbians (N = 712). Confirmatory factor analysis of CES-D item scores supported the theorized oblique 4-factor model. There was support for full measurement invariance across the 4 groups, based on differences in approximate fit indices. In contrast there was support for only partial invariance when the chi-square difference test was applied. Lack of invariance was mostly for depressed affect and somatic symptom items, with noninvariant somatic symptom items showing consistently high factor loadings and thresholds among lesbians compared with the other groups. The findings are discussed in relation to the use of the CES-D, the relevance of different depression symptoms to how depressions is experienced by the different gender and sexual orientation groups, and gender role socialization and minority sexual orientation theories. (PsycINFO Database Record

The shame and guilt scales of the test of self-conscious affect-adolescent (TOSCA-A) : Factor structure, concurrent and discriminant validity, and measurement and structural invariance across ratings of males and females

- Watson, Shaun, Gomez, Rapson, Gullone, Eleonora

Authors: Watson, Shaun , Gomez, Rapson , Gullone, Eleonora
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Assessment Vol. 24, no. 4 (2015), p. 517-527
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Description: This study examined various psychometric properties of the items comprising the shame and guilt scales of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-Adolescent. A total of 563 adolescents (321 females and 242 males) completed these scales, and also measures of depression and empathy. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for an oblique two-factor model, with the originally proposed shame and guilt items comprising shame and guilt factors, respectively. Also, shame correlated with depression positively and had no relation with empathy. Guilt correlated with depression negatively and with empathy positively. Thus, there was support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the shame and guilt factors. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis comparing females and males, based on the chi-square difference test, supported full metric invariance, the intercept invariance of 26 of the 30 shame and guilt items, and higher latent mean scores among females for both shame and guilt. Comparisons based on the difference in root mean squared error of approximation values supported full measurement invariance and no gender difference for latent mean scores. The psychometric and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder symptoms in Australian adults : Descriptive scores, incidence rates, factor structure, and gender invariance

- Gomez, Rapson

Authors: Gomez, Rapson
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Attention Disorders Vol. 20, no. 4 (2016), p. 325-334
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Description: OBJECTIVE: ADHD and Hyperkinetic Disorder (HKD) have the same 18 symptoms, covering inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HYP), and impulsivity (IMP). This study was aimed at providing descriptive scores for the different symptom groups in these disorders and how these scores varied by age and gender, the percentages of individuals meeting the symptom thresholds for the different ADHD types and HKD, the factor structure, and gender invariance of these symptoms in adults. METHOD: To accomplish this, 852 adults provided self-ratings for a scale comprising the 18 ADHD/HKD symptoms. RESULTS: The findings showed that age and gender had minimal effects on the ADHD symptoms. Also, in terms of symptom counts, 2% had HKD and 6.3% had ADHD (inattentive = 1.6%, hyperactive-impulsive = 2.7%, and combined type = 2.0%). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided most support for the three-factor HKD model, involving separate factors for the IA, HYP, and IMP symptoms. This model showed full measurement invariance across gender. CONCLUSION: The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Bifactor model of WISC-IV : Applicability and measurement invariance in low and normal IQ groups

- Gomez, Rapson, Vance, Alasdair, Watson, Shaun

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Watson, Shaun
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 29, no. 17 (2016), p. 902-912
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Description: This study examined the applicability and measurement invariance of the bifactor model of the 10 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) core subtests in groups of children and adolescents (age range from 6 to 16 years) with low (IQ /=80; N = 816; % male = 75.0) IQ scores. Results supported this model in both groups, and there was good support for measurement invariance for this model across these groups. For all participants together, the omega hierarchical and explained common variance (ECV) values were high for the general factor and low to negligible for the specific factors. Together, the findings favor the use of the Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores of the WISC-IV, but not the subscale index scores. (PsycINFO Database Record

Factor structure of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale Short Forms

- Gomez, Rapson

Authors: Gomez, Rapson
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 96, no. (2016), p. 83-87
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Description: The study used frequentist confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and Bayesian CFA (BCFA) (one-factor, two-factor, and bifactor models) for Peters, Sunderland, Andrews, Rapee, and Mattick's (2012) short form Social Anxiety Interaction Scale (SAIS) and Fergus, Valentiner, McGrath, Gier-Lonsway, and Kim's (2012) short form Social Phobia Scale (SPS) Short Forms. Participants (N = 200) were adults from the general community who completed the full version of SIAS and SPS measures. For the different models tested, CFA provided moderate support for the two-factor model for Peters et al.'s Short Forms. BCFA showed good support for the two-factor and bifactor models for Peters et al.'s Short Forms, with the bifactor model showing better fit. This bifactor model showed high internal consistency reliability and had a high amount of explained common variance for its general factor. The SIAS and SPS specific factors of the bifactor model showed almost negligible internal consistency reliabilities and explained common variances. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.

Interrelationships of the Rothbart's temperament model constructs with revised-reinforcement sensitivity theory constructs

- Gomez, Rapson, Watson, Shaun, Gomez, Andre

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Gomez, Andre
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 99, no. (2016), p. 118-121
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Description: Relationships between the constructs in Rothbart's temperament model and the revised-reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST) were examined. A group of 329 adults from the general population completed the Adult Temperament Questionnaire and the Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Activation System Scales. Correlation analyses showed that temperament negative affectivity was relatively highly associated with the RST constructs of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) and temperament extraversion/surgency was relatively highly associated with the behavioral approach system (BAS) construct of reward responsiveness. Temperament effortful control showed no association with the RST constructs. The overlap between the constructs in Rothbart's temperament and r-RST models is discussed. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.

Marital status and problem gambling among Australian older adults : The mediating role of loneliness

- Botterill, Emma, Gill, Peter, McLaren, Suzanne, Gomez, Rapson

Authors: Botterill, Emma , Gill, Peter , McLaren, Suzanne , Gomez, Rapson
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Gambling Studies Vol. 32, no. 3 (2016), p. 1027-1038
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Description: Problem gambling rates in older adults have risen dramatically in recent years and require further investigation. Limited available research has suggested that social needs may motivate gambling and hence problem gambling in older adults. Un-partnered older adults may be at greater risk of problem gambling than those with a partner. The current study explored whether loneliness mediated the marital status-problem gambling relationship, and whether gender moderated the mediation model. It was hypothesised that the relationship between being un-partnered and higher levels of loneliness would be stronger for older men than older women. A community sample of Australian men (n = 92) and women (n = 91) gamblers aged from 60 to 90 years (M = 69.75, SD = 7.28) completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Problem Gambling Severity Index. The results supported the moderated mediation model, with loneliness mediating the relationship between marital status and problem gambling for older men but not for older women. It appears that felt loneliness is an important predictor of problem gambling in older adults, and that meeting the social and emotional needs of un-partnered men is important.

Maternal ratings of the ADHD symptoms : Subtypes versus severity in clinic-referred children and adolescents

- Gomez, Rapson, Vance, Alasdair, Gomez, Rashika

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Gomez, Rashika
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Attention Disorders Vol. 20, no. 5 (2016), p. 414-423
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Description: OBJECTIVE: This study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), latent class analysis (LCA), and factor mixture model (FMM) to ascertain the best model for ADHD symptoms, as presented in the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN). METHOD: Mother ratings of the ADHD symptoms of 418 clinic-referred children and adolescents were obtained. RESULTS: The findings provided most support for an FMM with two classes (less severe inattention [IA] and hyperactivity/impulsivity [HI] symptoms and more severe IA/HI symptoms) and two factors (IA and HI) model. The more severe class had more individuals with the ADHD diagnosis, especially the combined type. CONCLUSION: The findings are discussed in relation to dimensional and categorical views of ADHD.

Agreement of adolescent ratings with mother ratings and teacher ratings of ADHD symptom groups: A correlated trait-correlated method minus one analysis

- Gomez, Rapson, Gomez, Andre

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Gomez, Andre
Date: 2015
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 82, no. (2015), p. 131-135
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Description: This study examined the level of agreement of adolescent ratings with mother ratings, and adolescent ratings with teacher ratings of the inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) symptom groups of ADHD. A total of 214 adolescents provided self-ratings of IA and HI, and their IA and HI were also rated by their mothers and teachers. The correlated trait-correlated method minus one model was applied, with adolescent ratings as the reference method, and the other two ratings as the non-reference methods. The findings indicated no additional variance in adolescent ratings for IA and HI that could not be accounted by mother ratings of IA and HI, respectively. In contrast, there was additional variance in adolescent ratings for IA and HI that could was not accounted by teacher ratings of IA and HI, respectively. The findings suggest that when diagnosing ADHD in adolescents, their reports of their own ADHD behaviors are not needed when mother reports of such behaviors are used. © 2015.

Evaluation of the bifactor structure of the dispositional hope scale

- Gomez, Rapson, McLaren, Suzanne, Sharp, Mersey, Smith, Cara, Hearn, Kate, Turner, Leah

Authors: Gomez, Rapson , McLaren, Suzanne , Sharp, Mersey , Smith, Cara , Hearn, Kate , Turner, Leah
Date: 2015
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Personality Assessment Vol. 97, no. 2 (2015), p. 191-9
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Description: The Dispositional Hope Scale (DHS; Snyder et al., 1991) is composed of items assessing an individual's perception of his or her agency and pathways. This study examined support for the bifactor structure and relation of the factors in this model with depressive symptoms. It also examined cross-gender measurement invariance for the bifactor model. A community sample of 413 women and 257 men completed the DHS. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated more support for the bifactor model than the 1- and 2-factor models. Results also indicated full measurement invariance across gender for the bifactor and the 2-factor models. The general and the specific agency factors, but not the specific pathways factor, correlated with depressive symptoms. The better support for the bifactor model suggests that ideally hope has to be measured and examined by factors reflecting high covariance for agency and pathways, and also factors reflecting unique variances for agency and pathways. The support for full cross-gender measurement invariance indicated that there are no differences in measurement and scaling properties for the DHS across ratings provided by women and men, and therefore the DHS ratings can be scored in the same way for women and men.

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