Understanding parental monitoring through analysis of monitoring episodes in context
- Authors: Hayes, Louise , Hudson, Alan , Matthews, Jan
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Behavioral and Consultation Therapy Vol. 3, no. 1 (2007), p. 96-108
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- Description: A model of monitoring interactions was proposed that is based on behavioural principles and places episodic parent-adolescent interactions at the centre of analysis for monitoring. The process-monitoring model contends that monitoring is an interactive process between parents and their adolescents, nested within a socialsetting. In the model it is proposed that monitoring occurs in discrete episodes that change over the course of adolescent development. To explain monitoring interactions it is essential to expand research to include a functional assessment of monitoring exchanges between parents and adolescents and to also measure thequality of parent-adolescent relationships, consider adolescent age and development, parental characteristics, and the context of the family.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005786
Anger or compromise? Adolescents' conflict resolution strategies in relation to gender and type of peer relationship
- Authors: Shute, Rosalyn , Charlton, Kate
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Adolescence and Youth Vol. 13, no. 1-2 (2006), p. 55-69
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- Description: This study examined gender differences in conflict resolution across three types of adolescent peer relationship. We predicted that adolescents would vary in their use of overt anger and compromise in accord with gender stereotypes, depending on the type of peer relationship under consideration. It was predicted that, in conflicts with opposite-gender friends, adolescents would modify the strategies typically used with same-gender friends to more closely match those of the opposite gender. Furthermore, it was predicted that, in romantic relationships, compared with cross-gender friendships, adolescents would use more compromise and less overt anger. Broad support for these propositions was found, the main exception being girls' greater use of overt anger than expected, in all three types of peer relationships. Possible reasons posited were changing male and female roles in society and the use of overt anger questionnaire items that reflect social aggression. It was concluded that efforts to promote constructive conflict resolution by adolescents should consider reasons why young people choose different conflict resolution strategies in different types of peer relationships. © 2006 A B Academic Publishers.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002020
Hidden treasures: The methodological challenges of unearthing older gay men
- Authors: Morris, Simon
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review Vol. 2, no. 3 (2006), p. 145-148
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- Description: The invisibility of older gay men from any readily identifiable sampling frame has contributed to a paucity of research about this population. A number of methodological challenges must be overcome to reach these older gay men and research their experiences. Factors thought to contribute to this invisibility include the abscence of older gay men who are more likely to live in surburban and regional areas. Research efforts to recruit these men have traditionally been resource in small sample sizes. Alternative recruitment methods are discussed including the use of Internet, email, newsgroups and snowball sampling.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001865
The association of avoidance coping style, and perceived mother and father support with anxiety/depression among late adolescents : Applicability of resiliency models
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , McLaren, Suzanne
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 40, no. 6 (2006), p. 1165-1176
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- Description: This study examined the applicability of the compensatory, the risk-protective, the challenge, and the protective-protective models of resiliency for the prediction of anxiety/depression from avoidance coping style (the risk factor) and perceived mother and father support (the protective factors). A total of 331 participants, with age ranging from 18 to 20 years, completed self-rating questionnaires covering perceived mother support, perceived father support, avoidance coping style, and anxiety/depression. Results showed that for perceived mother support as the protective factor, there was support for the compensatory, the risk-protective, and the challenge models. With perceived father support as the protective factor, there was support for the compensatory and challenge models. When both perceived mother and father support were considered together, there was support for the protective-protective model. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002027
The longitudinal effects of midwife-led postnatal debriefing on the psychological health of mothers
- Authors: Selkirk, Rosemary , McLaren, Suzanne , Ollerenshaw, Alison , McLachlan, Angus , Moten, Julie
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology Vol. 24, no. 2 (2006), p. 133-147
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- Description: To assess the effect of midwife-led postpartum debriefing on psychological variables, 149 women were recruited in the third trimester of their pregnancy and were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. Women in the treatment group received midwife-led postpartum debriefing within 3 days postpartum, whereas women in the control group did not receive formalised debriefing. Background information and psychological variables were assessed in the prepartum, and birthing information was gathered 2 days postpartum. The psychological variables, plus a measure of birth trauma, were re-assessed at 1 month, and again, together with a measure of parenting stress, at 3 months postpartum. Although the majority of women reported positively on their debriefing experience, statistical analyses indicated that only on the measure of dyadic satisfaction was there some suggestion that debriefing was effective. There were no significant differences between the treatment and control groups on measures of personal information, depression, anxiety, trauma, perception of the birth, or parenting stress at any assessment points, postpartum. On the other hand, the effect of medical intervention on women's perceptions of their birthing was evident, with women who experienced more medical intervention reporting more negative perceptions of their birthing than women who had experienced less medical intervention. Surprisingly, this difference was more marked among the women who had been debriefed than among the control group. Generally, the results did not support midwife-led debriefing as an effective intervention postpartum. © 2006 Society for Reproductive and Infant Psychology.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001984
The old and mentally ill in Australia : Doubly stigmatised
- Authors: Thomas, Kelly , Shute, Rosalyn
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian Psychologist Vol. 41, no. 3 (2006), p. 186-192
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- Description: This review proposes that the stigma attached to being old and having a mental illness has a disproportionate impact on those who are categorised as both. A brief historical account is given of what it means to have a mental illness and, separately, what it means to be old. Next, the stigmatising attitudes and their implications for the two separate groups will be reviewed, with discussion of the Australian media's portrayal of mental illness and old age. It is further argued that the implications of double stigma may be multiplicative, having even more of an impact on elderly mentally ill people than a separate consideration of these categories might suggest. Finally, some suggestions are made for beginning to address the double stigma attached to being both old and having a mental illness in Australia. © The Australian Psychological Society Ltd.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002024
Evolution and the Study of Human Behaviour: A Primer for the Scientist–Practitioner
- Authors: Daws, Alisdair , Boyd, Candice
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Behaviour Change Vol. 22, no. 2 (2005), p. 114-121
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- Description: The theory of evolution has transformed biology from a largely descriptive science to a causal one. However, few psychologists have a thorough understanding of evolution. As a result, psychologists tend not to consider evolutionary explanations for the phenomena they investigate, or they present flawed evolutionary arguments that violate fundamental principles of evolutionary theory. The primary objective of this article is to outline the basic principles of evolution as they relate to the study of behaviour in general. The article then goes on to demonstrate the application of evolutionary theory to the study of human behaviour in particular, and concludes with a discussion of problems that can occur when evolutionary theory is applied incorrectly.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001239
Item response theory analysis of the spiritual well-being questionnaire
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Fisher, John
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 38, no. 5 (2005), p. 1107-1121
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- Description: Recently, Gomez and Fisher (2003) published the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ). This is a self-rating measure with separate 5-item scales for personal, communal, environmental, and transcendental spiritual well-being. This study used item response theory (IRT) to examine the psychometric properties of these scales. A sample comprising 4462 participants from mainly secondary schools and universities completed the SWBQ. Samejima's graded response model was used for the analyses. The results showed that the discrimination parameters for all items in the four scales were moderate to large. The threshold parameters showed adequate representation of the relevant traits from low to the mean trait level for personal, communal and environmental items, and from low to moderately high trait level for the transcendental items. With the exception of five items, all other items showed good item information function values, and therefore acceptable reliability. The findings also indicated that the number of response options could be decreased and increased at the low and high trait levels, respectively. Thus while there was general support for the psychometric properties of the SWBQ from an IRT perspective, there were also indications that this measure can be further improved. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001243
School peer victimization of young people with craniofacial conditions : A comparative study
- Authors: Carroll, Pam , Shute, Rosalyn
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychology, Health and Medicine Vol. 10, no. 3 (2005), p. 291-304
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- Description: Young people with and without craniofacial conditions were compared on perceived incidence and frequency of school-based peer victimization and resultant distress; the relationship of craniofacial disfigurement severity to victimization incidence and frequency was also assessed. A deliberately biased sample-over-representing greater disfigurement-of 85 young people (9 to 16 years of age), continuing or having completed treatment for a craniofacial condition, were rated on current disfigurement severity, and responded to an extended version of the Direct and Indirect Aggression Scale (DIAS) presented as a structured telephone interview. Fifty-five matched school peers without craniofacial conditions responded to the same interview. Greater craniofacial disfigurement was associated with greater likelihood and frequency of being targeted with certain aggressive behaviours identified from the craniofacial literature. However, no more young people with, than without, craniofacial conditions experienced frequent victimization, considerable emotional distress or references to their appearance. This study provides a social comparison for victimized young people with craniofacial conditions. Knowing that those without disfigurement are also victimized may help ease their disfigurement-related cognitions. This study highlights the limitations of surgical correction for disfigurement, and promotes a more realistic view for victimization experiences and intervention options. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001247
The spiritual well-being questionnaire : Testing for model applicability, measurement and structural equivalencies, and latent mean differences across gender
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Fisher, John
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 39, no. 8 (2005), p. 1383-1393
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- Description: Fisher (1998) proposed a spiritual well-being model, comprising primary factors for the domains of personal, communal, environmental and transcendental well-being, that cohere to form a single higher order or global spiritual well-being dimension. In line with this model, Gomez and Fisher (2003) published the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ), with scales for measuring personal, communal, environmental and transcendental spiritual well-being. This study used multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine gender equivalencies of the measurement and structural models of the SWBQ, and the latent mean in the four SWBQ factors. A total of 3101 females and 1361 males, with age ranging from 15 to 32 years, completed the SWBQ. The statistical fit results supported the invariance of the measurement model, and some aspects of the structural model. The practical fit indices results provided support for the invariance of both the measurement and structural models. The results also showed little gender differences. Together, these findings support gender equivalencies for the SWBQ. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
- Description: C1
Acculturation and social support in relation to psychosocial adjustment of adolescent refugees resettled in Australia
- Authors: Kovacev, Lydia , Shute, Rosalyn
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Behavioral Development Vol. 28, no. 3 (2004), p. 259-267
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- Description: This study examined how different modes of acculturation and perceived social support are related to adolescent refugee psychosocial adjustment, as measured by global self-worth and peer social acceptance. The 83 participants, aged between 12 and 19 and now resident in Australia, were from the former Republic of Yugoslavia. Those who had the most positive attitudes toward both cultures obtained the highest ratings of self-worth and peer social acceptance. In contrast, those who had negative attitudes toward both cultures had the lowest scores on these measures of psychosocial adjustment. Results were consistent with the proposition that the effects of acculturation on adjustment are mediated by peer social support.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000946
Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the spiritual well-being questionnaire
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Fisher, John
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 35, no. 8 (2003), p. 1975-1991
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- Description: Fisher (1998) proposed a spiritual well-being model, comprising the domains of personal, communal, environmental and transcendental well-being, and a single global spiritual well-being dimension. This paper reports on four studies aimed at testing Fisher's theoretical model, and establishing the validity and reliability of a new self-rating questionnaire (Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire; SWBQ), developed to reflect this model. All four studies supported Fisher's model. The SWBQ showed good reliability (Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and variance extracted), and validity (construct, concurrent, discriminant, predictive and factorial independence from personality). The SWBQ has the advantage over other existing spiritual well-being measures in that it is based on a broader and more empirically based conceptualization of spiritual well-being, and has well established psychometric properties. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000503
Efficacy of treatments for depression in children and adolescents
- Authors: Carr, Victoria , Boyd, Candice
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Behaviour Change Vol. 20, no. 2 (2003), p. 103-108
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- Description: Depression is a highly complex mental disorder that for many years was believed to be absent in children and adolescents. It is now accepted that depression not only exists in this age group, but also is a major mental health problem (Weller & Weller, 2000a). Research suggests that the prevalence of depression in Australian children and adolescents is around 14% (Boyd, Kostanski, Gullone, Ollendick, & Shek, 2000). As depression appears to be highly prevalent, it is essential that efficacious treatments are identified, and that effective treatment strategies are established that best alleviate depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. In light of this need, this article details the criteria used to identify depression in children and adolescents, and examines the available evidence for the use of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of depression in children and adolescents.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000489
If it's not on, is it still on? A model of condom use for rural Australian adolescents
- Authors: Jenkins, Megan , McLaren, Suzanne
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Rural Psychology Vol. 4, no. (2003), p. 1-16
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- Description: Recent research indicates that rural Australian adolescents experience a number of barriers to their health, and in particular, their sexual health. Consequently, the present study aimed to examine levels of sexual health knowledge, sexual activity, condom use and attitudes towards condoms in a rural, adolescent population. In addition, the research tested a comprehensive model of condom use. One hundred and thirty six 15 to 19 year old students, 51 males (M age = 16.75, SD =.74 ) and 85 females (M age = 16.73, SD = .85), from schools in five towns of population not more than 6000 residents completed a survey package that included demographic information, a Sexual Health Knowledge Scale, the Condom Attitudes Scale and the Adolescent and Young Adult contraceptive Self-efficacy Scale. Results indicated that overall knowledge levels were low, with males knowing significantly less than females. Sixty-five percent of the participants had engaged in sexual intercourse, with over half of those reporting being inconsistent users or non-users of condoms. Within the context of the model, knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy and intention to use condoms, all contributed to predicting condom use. Results suggest that rural adolescents require education and assistance to obtain and use condoms in a non-threatening environment.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000490
Personality & spirituality : Christian prayer & Eastern meditation are not the same
- Authors: Fisher, John , Francis, Leslie , Kaldor, Peter
- Date: 2002
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Pastoral Psychology Vol. 50, no. 3 (2002), p. 165-172
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- Description: A random sample of 1,033 adults in an Australian community survey completed a form containing the abbreviated Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire together with questions about the practice of prayer and Eastern meditation. While prayer was associated with low psychoticism scores, Eastern meditation was associated with high psychoticism scores.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000203
The personal and social correlates of spiritual well-being among primary school teachers
- Authors: Fisher, John , Francis, Leslie , Johnson, Peter
- Date: 2002
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Pastoral Psychology Vol. 51, no. 1 (2002), p. 3-11
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- Description: A sample of 311 primary school teachers completed the Spiritual Health in Four Domains Index alongside the abbreviated revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and measures of religiosity. The data demonstrate that higher levels of spiritual health are found among older teachers who record low scores on the psychoticism scale and who practice religious faith through church attendance and personal prayer.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000199
A brief internet-based treatment for panic disorder
- Authors: Klein, Britt , Richards, Jeffrey
- Date: 2001
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy Vol. 29, no. 1 (2001), p. 113-117
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- Description: This study investigated the effectiveness of an Internet-based intervention for people with panic disorder. Twenty-two participants met criteria for panic disorder and were randomly assigned to either the treatment or a self-monitoring control condition. The study took place over 3 weeks and consisted of one week of self-monitoring prior to the intervention group accessing the program for one week, followed by one week of post-intervention assessment. Participants were assessed on measures pertaining to panic, negative affect, body vigilance, anxiety sensitivity and self-efficacy in managing panic. The treatment condition was associated with significant reductions in all variables except anxiety sensitivity and depressive affect. This type of intervention for people with fearful panic attacks holds promise as an efficacious and economical method for treating spontaneous panic.