Gut microbiota composition in obese and non-obese adult relatives from the highlands of Papua New Guinea
- Jonduo, Marinjho, Wawae, Lorry, Masiria, Geraldine, Suda, Wataru, Hattori, Masahira, Takayasu, Lena, Abdad, Mohammad, Greenhill, Andrew, Horwood, Paul, Pomat, William, Umezaki, Masahiro
- Authors: Jonduo, Marinjho , Wawae, Lorry , Masiria, Geraldine , Suda, Wataru , Hattori, Masahira , Takayasu, Lena , Abdad, Mohammad , Greenhill, Andrew , Horwood, Paul , Pomat, William , Umezaki, Masahiro
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: FEMS microbiology letters Vol. 367, no. 19 (2020), p.
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- Description: Obesity is a condition that results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Recently, obesity has been linked to differences in the composition of gut microbiota. To examine this association in Papua New Guinea (PNG) highlanders, fecal samples were collected from 18 adults; nine obese participants were paired with their non-obese relative. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene targeting the V1-V2 region was performed on DNA extracts for each participant, with high-quality sequences selected and used for operational taxonomic unit clustering. The data showed Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the two dominant phyla, while at genus level Prevotella was the most dominant genus in all of the samples. Nonetheless, statistical evaluation of potential association between nutritional status and bacterial abundance at both phyla and genus levels showed no significant difference. Further studies, ideally in both rural and urban areas, are needed to evaluate the role of the gut microbiome in the occurrence of obesity in PNG and other resource-limited settings. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.
- Authors: Jonduo, Marinjho , Wawae, Lorry , Masiria, Geraldine , Suda, Wataru , Hattori, Masahira , Takayasu, Lena , Abdad, Mohammad , Greenhill, Andrew , Horwood, Paul , Pomat, William , Umezaki, Masahiro
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: FEMS microbiology letters Vol. 367, no. 19 (2020), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Obesity is a condition that results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Recently, obesity has been linked to differences in the composition of gut microbiota. To examine this association in Papua New Guinea (PNG) highlanders, fecal samples were collected from 18 adults; nine obese participants were paired with their non-obese relative. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene targeting the V1-V2 region was performed on DNA extracts for each participant, with high-quality sequences selected and used for operational taxonomic unit clustering. The data showed Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the two dominant phyla, while at genus level Prevotella was the most dominant genus in all of the samples. Nonetheless, statistical evaluation of potential association between nutritional status and bacterial abundance at both phyla and genus levels showed no significant difference. Further studies, ideally in both rural and urban areas, are needed to evaluate the role of the gut microbiome in the occurrence of obesity in PNG and other resource-limited settings. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.
Health challenges of the pacific region : Insights from history, geography, social determinants, genetics, and the microbiome
- Horwood, Paul, Tarantola, Arnaud, Goarant, Cyrille, Matsui, Mariko, Klement, Elise, Umezaki, Masahiro, Navarro, Severine, Greenhill, Andrew
- Authors: Horwood, Paul , Tarantola, Arnaud , Goarant, Cyrille , Matsui, Mariko , Klement, Elise , Umezaki, Masahiro , Navarro, Severine , Greenhill, Andrew
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Frontiers in Immunology Vol. 10, no. (2019), p. 1-16
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- Description: The Pacific region, also referred to as Oceania, is a geographically widespread region populated by people of diverse cultures and ethnicities. Indigenous people in the region (Melanesians, Polynesians, Micronesians, Papuans, and Indigenous Australians) are over-represented on national, regional, and global scales for the burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases. Although social and environmental factors such as poverty, education, and access to health-care are assumed to be major drivers of this disease burden, there is also developing evidence that genetic and microbiotic factors should also be considered. To date, studies investigating genetic and/or microbiotic links with vulnerabilities to infectious and non-communicable diseases have mostly focused on populations in Europe, Asia, and USA, with uncertain associations for other populations such as indigenous communities in Oceania. Recent developments in personalized medicine have shown that identifying ethnicity-linked genetic vulnerabilities can be important for medical management. Although our understanding of the impacts of the gut microbiome on health is still in the early stages, it is likely that equivalent vulnerabilities will also be identified through the interaction between gut microbiome composition and function with pathogens and the host immune system. As rapid economic, dietary, and cultural changes occur throughout Oceania it becomes increasingly important that further research is conducted within indigenous populations to address the double burden of high rates of infectious diseases and rapidly rising non-communicable diseases so that comprehensive development goals can be planned. In this article, we review the current knowledge on the impact of nutrition, genetics, and the gut microbiome on infectious diseases in indigenous people of the Pacific region.
- Authors: Horwood, Paul , Tarantola, Arnaud , Goarant, Cyrille , Matsui, Mariko , Klement, Elise , Umezaki, Masahiro , Navarro, Severine , Greenhill, Andrew
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Frontiers in Immunology Vol. 10, no. (2019), p. 1-16
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The Pacific region, also referred to as Oceania, is a geographically widespread region populated by people of diverse cultures and ethnicities. Indigenous people in the region (Melanesians, Polynesians, Micronesians, Papuans, and Indigenous Australians) are over-represented on national, regional, and global scales for the burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases. Although social and environmental factors such as poverty, education, and access to health-care are assumed to be major drivers of this disease burden, there is also developing evidence that genetic and microbiotic factors should also be considered. To date, studies investigating genetic and/or microbiotic links with vulnerabilities to infectious and non-communicable diseases have mostly focused on populations in Europe, Asia, and USA, with uncertain associations for other populations such as indigenous communities in Oceania. Recent developments in personalized medicine have shown that identifying ethnicity-linked genetic vulnerabilities can be important for medical management. Although our understanding of the impacts of the gut microbiome on health is still in the early stages, it is likely that equivalent vulnerabilities will also be identified through the interaction between gut microbiome composition and function with pathogens and the host immune system. As rapid economic, dietary, and cultural changes occur throughout Oceania it becomes increasingly important that further research is conducted within indigenous populations to address the double burden of high rates of infectious diseases and rapidly rising non-communicable diseases so that comprehensive development goals can be planned. In this article, we review the current knowledge on the impact of nutrition, genetics, and the gut microbiome on infectious diseases in indigenous people of the Pacific region.
- Greenhill, Andrew, Rosewell, Alexander, Kas, Monalisa, Manning, Laurens, Latorre, Leomeldo, Siba, Peter, Horwood, Paul
- Authors: Greenhill, Andrew , Rosewell, Alexander , Kas, Monalisa , Manning, Laurens , Latorre, Leomeldo , Siba, Peter , Horwood, Paul
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Vol. 3, no. 2 (2012 2012), p. 1-3
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Cholera was first detected in Papua New Guinea in July 2009, caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor serotype Ogawa.1 By late 2011, 15 500 cases had been reported throughout lowland Papua New Guinea with a case fatality rate of 3.2%.2 The epidemic has since slowed, with only sporadic cases reported in Western Province and the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (ARB). Accurate and timely diagnosis is a critical element of the public health response to cholera, yet in low-income countries where the burden of cholera is the greatest, diagnostic services are often limited. Here we report on the diagnostic challenges and the logistical factors that impacted on diagnosis during the first reported outbreak of cholera in Papua New Guinea.
Influenza A(H5N1) viruses with A(H9N2) single gene (matrix or PB1) reassortment isolated from Cambodian live bird markets
- Suttie, Annika, Karlsson, Erik, Deng, Yi-Mo, Horm, Srey, Yann, Sokhoun, Tok, Songha, Sorn, San, Holl, Davun, Tum, Sothyra, Hurt, Aeron, Greenhill, Andrew, Barr, Ian, Horwood, Paul, Dussart, Philippe
- Authors: Suttie, Annika , Karlsson, Erik , Deng, Yi-Mo , Horm, Srey , Yann, Sokhoun , Tok, Songha , Sorn, San , Holl, Davun , Tum, Sothyra , Hurt, Aeron , Greenhill, Andrew , Barr, Ian , Horwood, Paul , Dussart, Philippe
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Virology Vol. 523, no. (2018), p. 22-26
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- Description: Live bird market surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Cambodia in 2015 has led to the detection of two 7:1 reassortant influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1c viruses. These reassortant strains, designated A/duck/Cambodia/Z564W35M1/2015 and A/chicken/Cambodia/Z850W49M1/2015, both contained a single gene (PB1 and matrix gene, respectively) from concurrently circulating A(H9N2) influenza viruses. All other viral genes from both isolates clustered with A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1 viruses. Continued and prolonged co-circulation of influenza A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses in Cambodian live bird markets may present a risk for the emergence of novel influenza reassortant viruses with negative agricultural and/or public health implications. © 2018
- Authors: Suttie, Annika , Karlsson, Erik , Deng, Yi-Mo , Horm, Srey , Yann, Sokhoun , Tok, Songha , Sorn, San , Holl, Davun , Tum, Sothyra , Hurt, Aeron , Greenhill, Andrew , Barr, Ian , Horwood, Paul , Dussart, Philippe
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Virology Vol. 523, no. (2018), p. 22-26
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- Description: Live bird market surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Cambodia in 2015 has led to the detection of two 7:1 reassortant influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1c viruses. These reassortant strains, designated A/duck/Cambodia/Z564W35M1/2015 and A/chicken/Cambodia/Z850W49M1/2015, both contained a single gene (PB1 and matrix gene, respectively) from concurrently circulating A(H9N2) influenza viruses. All other viral genes from both isolates clustered with A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1 viruses. Continued and prolonged co-circulation of influenza A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses in Cambodian live bird markets may present a risk for the emergence of novel influenza reassortant viruses with negative agricultural and/or public health implications. © 2018
- Kas, Monalisa, Horwood, Paul, Laman, Moses, Manning, Laurens, Atua, Vincent, Siba, Peter, Greenhill, Andrew
- Authors: Kas, Monalisa , Horwood, Paul , Laman, Moses , Manning, Laurens , Atua, Vincent , Siba, Peter , Greenhill, Andrew
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Papua and New Guinea medical journal Vol. 56, no. 3-4 (2013), p. 110-115
- Full Text: false
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- Description: When cholera was first detected in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in mid-2009, national diagnostic capacity faced many challenges. This was in part due to the non-endemic status of the outbreak, resulting in few local staff experienced in Vibrio cholerae detection and poor access to the required consumables. The PNG Institute of Medical Research conducted culture on specimens from suspected cholera patients in Madang Province, with presumptive V. cholerae isolates sent to Goroka for confirmation. Of 98 samples analysed 15 were culture positive, with V. cholerae detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in an additional 3 samples. Further analyses were conducted to identify other pathogenic bacteria from thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose (TCBS) agar. Molecular-based assays detected enteropathogenic (n = 1) and enterotoxigenic (n = 1) strains of Escherichia coli. No other major enteric pathogens were detected. The low detection rate of V. cholerae at the provincial level reflects challenges in the laboratory diagnosis of cholera and in-country challenges in responding to an outbreak of a non-endemic disease, such as lack of in-country diagnostic expertise and available consumables in the early stages. It also suggests that full aetiological investigations are warranted in future outbreaks of acute watery diarrhoea in PNG to fully elucidate the potentially complex aetiology, which could in turn guide diagnostic, treatment and prevention measures.
Nitrogen fixation and nifH diversity in human gut microbiota
- Igai, Katsura, Itakura, Manabu, Nishijima, Suguru, Tsurumaru, Hirohito, Suda, Wataru, Tsutaya, Takumi, Tomitsuka, Eriko, Tadokoro, Kiyoshi, Baba, Jun, Odani, Shingo, Natsuhara, Kazumi, Morita, Ayako, Yoneda, Minoru, Greenhill, Andrew, Horwood, Paul, Inoue, Jun-ichi, Ohkuma, Moriya, Hongoh, Yuichi, Yamamoto, Taro, Siba, Peter, Hattori, Masahira, Minamisawa, Kiwamu, Umezaki, Masahiro
- Authors: Igai, Katsura , Itakura, Manabu , Nishijima, Suguru , Tsurumaru, Hirohito , Suda, Wataru , Tsutaya, Takumi , Tomitsuka, Eriko , Tadokoro, Kiyoshi , Baba, Jun , Odani, Shingo , Natsuhara, Kazumi , Morita, Ayako , Yoneda, Minoru , Greenhill, Andrew , Horwood, Paul , Inoue, Jun-ichi , Ohkuma, Moriya , Hongoh, Yuichi , Yamamoto, Taro , Siba, Peter , Hattori, Masahira , Minamisawa, Kiwamu , Umezaki, Masahiro
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Scientific Reports Vol. 6, no. (2016), p. 1-11
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- Description: It has been hypothesized that nitrogen fixation occurs in the human gut. However, whether the gut microbiota truly has this potential remains unclear. We investigated the nitrogen-fixing activity and diversity of the nitrogenase reductase (NifH) genes in the faecal microbiota of humans, focusing on Papua New Guinean and Japanese individuals with low to high habitual nitrogen intake. A 15 N 2 incorporation assay showed significant enrichment of 15 N in all faecal samples, irrespective of the host nitrogen intake, which was also supported by an acetylene reduction assay. The fixed nitrogen corresponded to 0.01% of the standard nitrogen requirement for humans, although our data implied that the contribution in the gut in vivo might be higher than this value. The nifH genes recovered in cloning and metagenomic analyses were classified in two clusters: one comprising sequences almost identical to Klebsiella sequences and the other related to sequences of Clostridiales members. These results are consistent with an analysis of databases of faecal metagenomes from other human populations. Collectively, the human gut microbiota has a potential for nitrogen fixation, which may be attributable to Klebsiella and Clostridiales strains, although no evidence was found that the nitrogen-fixing activity substantially contributes to the host nitrogen balance. © The Author(s) 2016.
- Authors: Igai, Katsura , Itakura, Manabu , Nishijima, Suguru , Tsurumaru, Hirohito , Suda, Wataru , Tsutaya, Takumi , Tomitsuka, Eriko , Tadokoro, Kiyoshi , Baba, Jun , Odani, Shingo , Natsuhara, Kazumi , Morita, Ayako , Yoneda, Minoru , Greenhill, Andrew , Horwood, Paul , Inoue, Jun-ichi , Ohkuma, Moriya , Hongoh, Yuichi , Yamamoto, Taro , Siba, Peter , Hattori, Masahira , Minamisawa, Kiwamu , Umezaki, Masahiro
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Scientific Reports Vol. 6, no. (2016), p. 1-11
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: It has been hypothesized that nitrogen fixation occurs in the human gut. However, whether the gut microbiota truly has this potential remains unclear. We investigated the nitrogen-fixing activity and diversity of the nitrogenase reductase (NifH) genes in the faecal microbiota of humans, focusing on Papua New Guinean and Japanese individuals with low to high habitual nitrogen intake. A 15 N 2 incorporation assay showed significant enrichment of 15 N in all faecal samples, irrespective of the host nitrogen intake, which was also supported by an acetylene reduction assay. The fixed nitrogen corresponded to 0.01% of the standard nitrogen requirement for humans, although our data implied that the contribution in the gut in vivo might be higher than this value. The nifH genes recovered in cloning and metagenomic analyses were classified in two clusters: one comprising sequences almost identical to Klebsiella sequences and the other related to sequences of Clostridiales members. These results are consistent with an analysis of databases of faecal metagenomes from other human populations. Collectively, the human gut microbiota has a potential for nitrogen fixation, which may be attributable to Klebsiella and Clostridiales strains, although no evidence was found that the nitrogen-fixing activity substantially contributes to the host nitrogen balance. © The Author(s) 2016.
Nitrogen fixation associated with sago (Metroxylon sagu) and some implications
- Shipton, Warren, Baker, Anthony, Blaney, Barry, Horwood, Paul, Warner, Jeffrey, Pelowa, Daniel, Greenhill, Andrew
- Authors: Shipton, Warren , Baker, Anthony , Blaney, Barry , Horwood, Paul , Warner, Jeffrey , Pelowa, Daniel , Greenhill, Andrew
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Letters in Applied Microbiology Vol. 52, no. 1 (2011), p. 56-61
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Aims: To determine the presence and contribution of diazotrophic bacteria to nitrogen concentrations in edible starch derived from the sago palm (Metroxylon sagu).Methods and Results: Isolation of diazotrophic bacteria and analysis of nitrogen fixation were conducted on pith, root and sago starch samples. Acetylene reduction showed that five of ten starch samples were fixing nitrogen. Two presumptive nitrogen-fixing bacteria from starch fixed nitrogen in pure culture and five isolates were positive for the nif H gene. Nitrogen concentrations in 51 starch samples were low (37 samples <0.2 g kg-1; 14 ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 g kg-1).Conclusions: Nitrogen fixation occurs in sago starch, which undoubtedly plays a role in fermentation ecology. Nitrogen levels are considered too low to be of nutritional benefit and to protect against nutritional-associated illnesses.Significance and Impact of the Study: Sago starch does not add significantly to the protein calorie intake and may be associated with susceptibility to nutritional-associated illness.
Phylodynamic signatures in the emergence of community-associated MRSA
- Steinig, Eike, Aglua, Izzard, Duchene, Sebastian, Meehan, Michael, Yoannes, Mition, Firth, Cadhla, Jaworski, Jan, Drekore, Jimmy, Urakoko, Bohu, Poka, Harry, Wurr, Clive, Ebos, Eri, Nangen, David, Müller, Elke, Mulvey, Peter, Jackson, Charlene, Blomfeldt, Anita, Aamot, Hege, Laman, Moses, Manning, Laurens, Earls, Megan, Coleman, David, Greenhill, Andrew, Ford, Rebecca, Stegger, Marc, Syed, Muhammad, Jamil, Bushra, Monecke, Stefan, Ehricht, Ralf, Smith, Simon, Pomat, William, Horwood, Paul, Tong, Steven, McBryde, Emma
- Authors: Steinig, Eike , Aglua, Izzard , Duchene, Sebastian , Meehan, Michael , Yoannes, Mition , Firth, Cadhla , Jaworski, Jan , Drekore, Jimmy , Urakoko, Bohu , Poka, Harry , Wurr, Clive , Ebos, Eri , Nangen, David , Müller, Elke , Mulvey, Peter , Jackson, Charlene , Blomfeldt, Anita , Aamot, Hege , Laman, Moses , Manning, Laurens , Earls, Megan , Coleman, David , Greenhill, Andrew , Ford, Rebecca , Stegger, Marc , Syed, Muhammad , Jamil, Bushra , Monecke, Stefan , Ehricht, Ralf , Smith, Simon , Pomat, William , Horwood, Paul , Tong, Steven , McBryde, Emma
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 119, no. 45 (2022), p.
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- Description: Community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages have emerged in many geographically distinct regions around the world during the past 30 y. Here, we apply consistent phylodynamic methods across multiple community-associated MRSA lineages to describe and contrast their patterns of emergence and dissemination. We generated whole-genome sequencing data for the Australian sequence type (ST) ST93-MRSA-IV from remote communities in Far North Queensland and Papua New Guinea, and the Bengal Bay ST772-MRSA-V clone from metropolitan communities in Pakistan. Increases in the effective reproduction number (Re) and sustained transmission (Re > 1) coincided with spread of progenitor methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in remote northern Australian populations, dissemination of the ST93-MRSA-IV genotype into population centers on the Australian East Coast, and subsequent importation into the highlands of Papua New Guinea and Far North Queensland. Applying the same phylodynamic methods to existing lineage datasets, we identified common signatures of epidemic growth in the emergence and epidemiological trajectory of community-associated S. aureus lineages from America, Asia, Australasia, and Europe. Surges in Re were observed at the divergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, coinciding with their establishment in regional population centers. Epidemic growth was also observed among drug-resistant MSSA clades in Africa and northern Australia. Our data suggest that the emergence of community-associated MRSA in the late 20th century was driven by a combination of antibiotic-resistant genotypes and host epidemiology, leading to abrupt changes in lineage-wide transmission dynamics and sustained transmission in regional population centers. Copyright © 2022 the Author(s).
- Authors: Steinig, Eike , Aglua, Izzard , Duchene, Sebastian , Meehan, Michael , Yoannes, Mition , Firth, Cadhla , Jaworski, Jan , Drekore, Jimmy , Urakoko, Bohu , Poka, Harry , Wurr, Clive , Ebos, Eri , Nangen, David , Müller, Elke , Mulvey, Peter , Jackson, Charlene , Blomfeldt, Anita , Aamot, Hege , Laman, Moses , Manning, Laurens , Earls, Megan , Coleman, David , Greenhill, Andrew , Ford, Rebecca , Stegger, Marc , Syed, Muhammad , Jamil, Bushra , Monecke, Stefan , Ehricht, Ralf , Smith, Simon , Pomat, William , Horwood, Paul , Tong, Steven , McBryde, Emma
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 119, no. 45 (2022), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages have emerged in many geographically distinct regions around the world during the past 30 y. Here, we apply consistent phylodynamic methods across multiple community-associated MRSA lineages to describe and contrast their patterns of emergence and dissemination. We generated whole-genome sequencing data for the Australian sequence type (ST) ST93-MRSA-IV from remote communities in Far North Queensland and Papua New Guinea, and the Bengal Bay ST772-MRSA-V clone from metropolitan communities in Pakistan. Increases in the effective reproduction number (Re) and sustained transmission (Re > 1) coincided with spread of progenitor methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in remote northern Australian populations, dissemination of the ST93-MRSA-IV genotype into population centers on the Australian East Coast, and subsequent importation into the highlands of Papua New Guinea and Far North Queensland. Applying the same phylodynamic methods to existing lineage datasets, we identified common signatures of epidemic growth in the emergence and epidemiological trajectory of community-associated S. aureus lineages from America, Asia, Australasia, and Europe. Surges in Re were observed at the divergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, coinciding with their establishment in regional population centers. Epidemic growth was also observed among drug-resistant MSSA clades in Africa and northern Australia. Our data suggest that the emergence of community-associated MRSA in the late 20th century was driven by a combination of antibiotic-resistant genotypes and host epidemiology, leading to abrupt changes in lineage-wide transmission dynamics and sustained transmission in regional population centers. Copyright © 2022 the Author(s).
- Tomitsuka, Eriko, Igai, Katsura, Tadokoro, Kiyoshi, Morita, Ayako, Baba, Jun, Suda, Wataru, Greenhill, Andrew, Horwood, Paul, Soli, Kevin, Siba, Peter, Odani, Shingo, Natsuhara, Kazumi, Morita, Hidetoshi, Umezaki, Masahiro
- Authors: Tomitsuka, Eriko , Igai, Katsura , Tadokoro, Kiyoshi , Morita, Ayako , Baba, Jun , Suda, Wataru , Greenhill, Andrew , Horwood, Paul , Soli, Kevin , Siba, Peter , Odani, Shingo , Natsuhara, Kazumi , Morita, Hidetoshi , Umezaki, Masahiro
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Metabolomics Vol. 13, no. 9 (2017), p.
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Introduction: Adequate amount of proteins from foods are normally needed to maintain muscle mass of the human body. Although protein intakes of Papua New Guinea (PNG) highlanders are less than biologically adequate, protein deficiency related disorders have rarely been reported. It has been postulated that gut microbiota play a role in such low-protein-adaptation. Objective: To explore underlying biological mechanisms of low-protein adaptation among PNG highlanders by investigating metabolomic profiles of faecal water and urine. Methods: We performed metabolome analysis using faecal water extracted from faecal samples of PNG highlanders, PNG non-highlanders and Japanese subjects. We paid special attention to amino acids and other metabolites produced by gut microbiota, as well as to metabolites involved in nitrogen recycling in the human gut. Results: Our results indicated that amino acid levels were higher in faecal water from PNG highlanders than PNG non-highlanders, but amino acid levels did not differ between PNG highlanders and Japanese subjects. Among PNG highlander samples, amino acid levels tended to be higher in those who consumed less protein. Conclusion: We speculated that a greater proportion of urea was excreted to the intestine among the PNG highlanders than other groups, and that the urea was used for nitrogen salvage. Intestinal bacteria are essential for producing ammonia from urea and also for producing amino acids from ammonia, which is a key process in low-protein adaptation. Profiling the gut microbiota of PNG highlanders is an important avenue for further research into the mechanisms of low-protein adaptation.
Shigellosis : A truly neglected disease in Papua New Guinea
- Malau, Elisheba, Mosse, Jenny, Horwood, Paul, Greenhill, Andrew
- Authors: Malau, Elisheba , Mosse, Jenny , Horwood, Paul , Greenhill, Andrew
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Papua New Guinea Medical Journal Vol. 59, no. 3/4 (2016), p. 147-154
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Diarrhoeal diseases still affect many people, especially children living in impoverished and under-developed settings. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) diarrhoea remains one of the leading causes of hospitalization and a major cause of death. Here, we focus on the role of Shigella in diarrhoeal illness in PNG, and provide an overview of the causative organism and the illness. A review of the available data on the aetiology of diarrhoea in PNG suggests that shigellosis is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness. Since shigellosis can cause protracted and life-threatening illness an appreciation of the burden of shigellosis is important to aid in the development of optimal prevention and control strategies. Treatment strategies for all cases of moderate-severe diarrhoeal illness should centre on rehydration, but where antimicrobial treatment is required consideration should be given to the increasing antimicrobial resistance observed in Shigella isolates in PNG.
Spatio-temporal epidemiology of the cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea, 2009-2011
- Horwood, Paul, Karl, Stephan, Mueller, Ivo, Jonduo, Marinjho, Pavlin, Boris, Dagina, Rosheila, Ropa, Berry, Bieb, Sibauk, Rosewell, Alexander, Umezaki, Masahiro, Siba, Peter, Greenhill, Andrew
- Authors: Horwood, Paul , Karl, Stephan , Mueller, Ivo , Jonduo, Marinjho , Pavlin, Boris , Dagina, Rosheila , Ropa, Berry , Bieb, Sibauk , Rosewell, Alexander , Umezaki, Masahiro , Siba, Peter , Greenhill, Andrew
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMC Infectious Diseases Vol. 14, no. 1 (2014), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Cholera continues to be a devastating disease in many developing countries where inadequate safe water supply and poor sanitation facilitate spread. From July 2009 until late 2011 Papua New Guinea experienced the first outbreak of cholera recorded in the country, resulting in > 15,500 cases and > 500 deaths. Methods: Using the national cholera database, we analysed the spatio-temporal distribution and clustering of the Papua New Guinea cholera outbreak. The Kulldorff space-time permutation scan statistic, contained in the software package SatScan v9.2 was used to describe the first 8 weeks of the outbreak in Morobe Province before cholera cases spread throughout other regions of the country. Data were aggregated at the provincial level to describe the spread of the disease to other affected provinces. Results: Spatio-temporal and cluster analyses revealed that the outbreak was characterized by three distinct phases punctuated by explosive propagation of cases when the outbreak spread to a new region. The lack of road networks across most of Papua New Guinea is likely to have had a major influence on the slow spread of the disease during this outbreak. Conclusions: Identification of high risk areas and the likely mode of spread can guide government health authorities to formulate public health strategies to mitigate the spread of the disease through education campaigns, vaccination, increased surveillance in targeted areas and interventions to improve water, sanitation and hygiene.
- Authors: Horwood, Paul , Karl, Stephan , Mueller, Ivo , Jonduo, Marinjho , Pavlin, Boris , Dagina, Rosheila , Ropa, Berry , Bieb, Sibauk , Rosewell, Alexander , Umezaki, Masahiro , Siba, Peter , Greenhill, Andrew
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMC Infectious Diseases Vol. 14, no. 1 (2014), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Cholera continues to be a devastating disease in many developing countries where inadequate safe water supply and poor sanitation facilitate spread. From July 2009 until late 2011 Papua New Guinea experienced the first outbreak of cholera recorded in the country, resulting in > 15,500 cases and > 500 deaths. Methods: Using the national cholera database, we analysed the spatio-temporal distribution and clustering of the Papua New Guinea cholera outbreak. The Kulldorff space-time permutation scan statistic, contained in the software package SatScan v9.2 was used to describe the first 8 weeks of the outbreak in Morobe Province before cholera cases spread throughout other regions of the country. Data were aggregated at the provincial level to describe the spread of the disease to other affected provinces. Results: Spatio-temporal and cluster analyses revealed that the outbreak was characterized by three distinct phases punctuated by explosive propagation of cases when the outbreak spread to a new region. The lack of road networks across most of Papua New Guinea is likely to have had a major influence on the slow spread of the disease during this outbreak. Conclusions: Identification of high risk areas and the likely mode of spread can guide government health authorities to formulate public health strategies to mitigate the spread of the disease through education campaigns, vaccination, increased surveillance in targeted areas and interventions to improve water, sanitation and hygiene.
The influences of low protein diet on the intestinal microbiota of mice
- Masuoka, Hiroaki, Suda, Wataru, Tomitsuka, Eriko, Shindo, Chie, Takayasu, Lena, Horwood, Paul, Greenhill, Andrew, Hattori, Masahira, Umezaki, Masahiro, Hirayama, Kazuhiro
- Authors: Masuoka, Hiroaki , Suda, Wataru , Tomitsuka, Eriko , Shindo, Chie , Takayasu, Lena , Horwood, Paul , Greenhill, Andrew , Hattori, Masahira , Umezaki, Masahiro , Hirayama, Kazuhiro
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Scientific Reports Vol. 10, no. 1 (2020), p.
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- Description: Recent research suggests that protein deficiency symptoms are influenced by the intestinal microbiota. We investigated the influence of low protein diet on composition of the intestinal microbiota through animal experiments. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were fed one of four diets (3, 6, 9, or 12% protein) for 4 weeks (n = 5 per diet). Mice fed the 3% protein diet showed protein deficiency symptoms such as weight loss and low level of blood urea nitrogen concentration in their serum. The intestinal microbiota of mice in the 3% and 12% protein diet groups at day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 were investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which revealed differences in the microbiota. In the 3% protein diet group, a greater abundance of urease producing bacterial species was detected across the duration of the study. In the 12% diet protein group, increases of abundance of Streptococcaceae and Clostridiales families was detected. These results suggest that protein deficiency may be associated with shifts in intestinal microbiota. © 2020, The Author(s).
- Authors: Masuoka, Hiroaki , Suda, Wataru , Tomitsuka, Eriko , Shindo, Chie , Takayasu, Lena , Horwood, Paul , Greenhill, Andrew , Hattori, Masahira , Umezaki, Masahiro , Hirayama, Kazuhiro
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Scientific Reports Vol. 10, no. 1 (2020), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Recent research suggests that protein deficiency symptoms are influenced by the intestinal microbiota. We investigated the influence of low protein diet on composition of the intestinal microbiota through animal experiments. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were fed one of four diets (3, 6, 9, or 12% protein) for 4 weeks (n = 5 per diet). Mice fed the 3% protein diet showed protein deficiency symptoms such as weight loss and low level of blood urea nitrogen concentration in their serum. The intestinal microbiota of mice in the 3% and 12% protein diet groups at day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 were investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which revealed differences in the microbiota. In the 3% protein diet group, a greater abundance of urease producing bacterial species was detected across the duration of the study. In the 12% diet protein group, increases of abundance of Streptococcaceae and Clostridiales families was detected. These results suggest that protein deficiency may be associated with shifts in intestinal microbiota. © 2020, The Author(s).
Wave 2 strains of atypical Vibrio cholerae El Tor caused the 2009-2011 cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea
- Greenhill, Andrew, Mutreja, Ankur, Bulach, Dieter, Belousoff, Matthew, Jonduo, Marinjho, Collins, Deirdre, Kas, Monalisa, Wapling, Johanna, Seemann, Torsten, Lafana, Alice, Dougan, Gordon, Brown, Mark, Horwood, Paul
- Authors: Greenhill, Andrew , Mutreja, Ankur , Bulach, Dieter , Belousoff, Matthew , Jonduo, Marinjho , Collins, Deirdre , Kas, Monalisa , Wapling, Johanna , Seemann, Torsten , Lafana, Alice , Dougan, Gordon , Brown, Mark , Horwood, Paul
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Microbial genomics Vol. 5, no. 3 (2019), p. 1-5
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- Description: Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a globally important human disease for at least 200 years. In 2009-2011, the first recorded cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea (PNG) occurred. We conducted genetic and phenotypic characterization of 21 isolates of V. cholerae, with whole-genome sequencing conducted on 2 representative isolates. The PNG outbreak was caused by an atypical El Tor strain harbouring a tandem repeat of the CTX prophage on chromosome II. Whole-genome sequence data, prophage structural analysis and the absence of the SXT integrative conjugative element was indicative that the PNG isolates were most closely related to strains previously isolated in South-East and East Asia with affiliations to global wave 2 strains. This finding suggests that the cholera outbreak in PNG was caused by an exotic (non-endemic) strain of V. cholerae that originated in South-East Asia.
- Authors: Greenhill, Andrew , Mutreja, Ankur , Bulach, Dieter , Belousoff, Matthew , Jonduo, Marinjho , Collins, Deirdre , Kas, Monalisa , Wapling, Johanna , Seemann, Torsten , Lafana, Alice , Dougan, Gordon , Brown, Mark , Horwood, Paul
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Microbial genomics Vol. 5, no. 3 (2019), p. 1-5
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a globally important human disease for at least 200 years. In 2009-2011, the first recorded cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea (PNG) occurred. We conducted genetic and phenotypic characterization of 21 isolates of V. cholerae, with whole-genome sequencing conducted on 2 representative isolates. The PNG outbreak was caused by an atypical El Tor strain harbouring a tandem repeat of the CTX prophage on chromosome II. Whole-genome sequence data, prophage structural analysis and the absence of the SXT integrative conjugative element was indicative that the PNG isolates were most closely related to strains previously isolated in South-East and East Asia with affiliations to global wave 2 strains. This finding suggests that the cholera outbreak in PNG was caused by an exotic (non-endemic) strain of V. cholerae that originated in South-East Asia.
Whole genome sequence analysis of Salmonella Typhi in Papua New Guinea reveals an established population of genotype 2.1.7 sensitive to antimicrobials
- Dyson, Zoe, Malau, Elisheba, Horwood, Paul, Ford, Rebecca, Siba, Valentine, Yoannes, Mition, Pomat, William, Passey, Megan, Judd, Louise, Ingle, Danielle, Williamson, Deborah, Dougan, Gordon, Greenhill, Andrew, Holt, Kathryn
- Authors: Dyson, Zoe , Malau, Elisheba , Horwood, Paul , Ford, Rebecca , Siba, Valentine , Yoannes, Mition , Pomat, William , Passey, Megan , Judd, Louise , Ingle, Danielle , Williamson, Deborah , Dougan, Gordon , Greenhill, Andrew , Holt, Kathryn
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Vol. 16, no. 3 (2022), p.
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- Description: Background Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, remains a considerable public health threat in impoverished regions within many low-and middle-income settings. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of the emergence, population structure, molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and transmission dynamics of S. Typhi across many settings, particularly throughout the Asia-Pacific islands. Here we present a comprehensive whole genome sequence (WGS) based overview of S. Typhi populations circulating in Papua New Guinea (PNG) over 30 years. Principle findings Bioinformatic analysis of 86 S. Typhi isolates collected between 1980–2010 demonstrated that the population structure of PNG is dominated by a single genotype (2.1.7) that appears to have emerged in the Indonesian archipelago in the mid-twentieth century with minimal evidence of inter-country transmission. Genotypic and phenotypic data demonstrated that the PNG S. Typhi population appears to be susceptible to former first line drugs for treating typhoid fever (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole), as well as fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and macrolides. PNG genotype 2.1.7 was genetically con-served, with very few deletions, and no evidence of plasmid or prophage acquisition. Genetic variation among this population was attributed to either single point mutations, or homologous recombination adjacent to repetitive ribosomal RNA operons. Significance Antimicrobials remain an effective option for the treatment of typhoid fever in PNG, along with other intervention strategies including improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) related infrastructure and potentially the introduction of Vi-conjugate vaccines. However, continued genomic surveillance is warranted to monitor for the emergence of AMR within local populations, or the introduction of AMR associated genotypes of S. Typhi in this setting. © The Authors.
- Authors: Dyson, Zoe , Malau, Elisheba , Horwood, Paul , Ford, Rebecca , Siba, Valentine , Yoannes, Mition , Pomat, William , Passey, Megan , Judd, Louise , Ingle, Danielle , Williamson, Deborah , Dougan, Gordon , Greenhill, Andrew , Holt, Kathryn
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Vol. 16, no. 3 (2022), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, remains a considerable public health threat in impoverished regions within many low-and middle-income settings. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of the emergence, population structure, molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and transmission dynamics of S. Typhi across many settings, particularly throughout the Asia-Pacific islands. Here we present a comprehensive whole genome sequence (WGS) based overview of S. Typhi populations circulating in Papua New Guinea (PNG) over 30 years. Principle findings Bioinformatic analysis of 86 S. Typhi isolates collected between 1980–2010 demonstrated that the population structure of PNG is dominated by a single genotype (2.1.7) that appears to have emerged in the Indonesian archipelago in the mid-twentieth century with minimal evidence of inter-country transmission. Genotypic and phenotypic data demonstrated that the PNG S. Typhi population appears to be susceptible to former first line drugs for treating typhoid fever (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole), as well as fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and macrolides. PNG genotype 2.1.7 was genetically con-served, with very few deletions, and no evidence of plasmid or prophage acquisition. Genetic variation among this population was attributed to either single point mutations, or homologous recombination adjacent to repetitive ribosomal RNA operons. Significance Antimicrobials remain an effective option for the treatment of typhoid fever in PNG, along with other intervention strategies including improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) related infrastructure and potentially the introduction of Vi-conjugate vaccines. However, continued genomic surveillance is warranted to monitor for the emergence of AMR within local populations, or the introduction of AMR associated genotypes of S. Typhi in this setting. © The Authors.