List of Titles

Assessing health risk of reclaimed water using human cell culture

- Ackland, Margaret, Michalczyk, Agnes, Freestone, David, Stagnitti, Frank

Authors: Ackland, Margaret , Michalczyk, Agnes , Freestone, David , Stagnitti, Frank
Date: 2010
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Water Vol. 37, no. 8 (2010), p. 49-53
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Description: For risk analysis of reclaimed water, current animal and toxicity testing may not detect subtle effects such as interactions that could contribute to complex diseases such as cancers that develop over a long period of time. There is a need for assays that can be validated against known human physiological processes. We have previously validated sensitive human cell culture assays for their responsiveness to agents that induce carcinogenesis in vivo. In this initial study we analysed the effects of three batches of reclaimed water on human colonic cells. At concentrations of up to 10-fold, they had no significant effect on the cellular markers, indicating an overall lack of biological activity. The assay has potential but needs to be refined to maximise its sensitivity.

Unmet demand for training among mature age Australians: Prevalence, differentials and perceived causes

- Adair, Tim, Lourey, Emma, Taylor, Philip

Authors: Adair, Tim , Lourey, Emma , Taylor, Philip
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Australasian Journal on Ageing Vol. 35, no. 1 (2016), p. 36-41
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Description: Aim To explore the prevalence of unmet demand for training by mature age Australians and to identify the main barriers to accessing training. Methods A total of 3007 Australians aged 45-74 years were surveyed using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing. The sample frame was randomly selected and stratified based on the capital city and the rest of the state, and data were weighted to be nationally representative. Results Over one-third (37%) of respondents who had worked in the past five years reported wanting to attend some form of training but were unable to; these were most likely women and those aged 45-54 year. Commonly cited reasons for not being able to attend training included not being able to fit it in with work commitments, affordability and employer reluctance. Conclusion Reduction of these barriers to workplace training can improve mature age people's ability to remain engaged in the workforce.

A combined virtual element method and the scaled boundary finite element method for linear elastic fracture mechanics

- Adak, Dibyendu, Pramod, ALN, Ooi, Ean Tat, Natarajan, Sundararajan

Authors: Adak, Dibyendu , Pramod, ALN , Ooi, Ean Tat , Natarajan, Sundararajan
Date: 2020
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements Vol. 113, no. (2020), p. 9-16
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Description: In this paper, we propose a framework that combines the recently introduced virtual element method (VEM) and the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) to evaluate the fracture parameters. The domain is discretized with arbitrary polygons and the element that contains the crack tip is treated within the framework of the SBFEM. This facilitates a semi-analytical treatment of the crack tip singularity allowing the fracture parameters are estimated directly from the definition. The VEM is employed for the rest of the domain. The salient feature of the VEM is that the terms in the stiffness matrix are computed without requiring higher order quadrature schemes. As both the methods satisfy partition of unity and the compatibility condition, the matrices are assembled as in the conventional FEM. The accuracy of the proposed formulation is demonstrated with two standard benchmark examples. The proposed VEM-SBFEM framework yields accurate results. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

On optimal control of a sweeping process coupled with an ordinary differential equation

- Adam, Lukas, Outrata, Jiri

Authors: Adam, Lukas , Outrata, Jiri
Date: 2014
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - Series B Vol. 19, no. 9 (November 2014 2014), p. 2709-2738
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Description: We study a special case of an optimal control problem governed by a differential equation and a differential rate{independent variational inequality, both with given initial conditions. Under certain conditions, the variational inequality can be reformulated as a differential inclusion with discontinuous right-hand side. This inclusion is known as sweeping process. We perform a discretization scheme and prove the convergence of optimal solutions of the discretized problems to the optimal solution of the original problem. For the discretized problems we study the properties of the solution map and compute its coderivative. Employing an appropriate chain rule, this enables us to compute the subdifferential of the objective function and to apply a suitable optimization technique to solve the discretized problems. The investigated problem is used to model a situation arising in the area of queuing theory.

Reliable automation of bat call identification for eastern New South Wales, Australia, using classification trees and AnaScheme software

- Adams, Maria, Law, Bradley, Gibson, Matthew

Authors: Adams, Maria , Law, Bradley , Gibson, Matthew
Date: 2010
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Acta Chiropterologica: International journal of bat biology Vol. 12, no. 1 (2010), p. 231-245
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Description: Accurate and efficient identification of bat (Microchiroptera) echolocation calls has been hampered by poor knowledge of the intraspecific variability in calls (including regional variation), a lack of call parameters for use in separating species and the amount of time required to manually identify individual calls or call sequences We constructed and tested automated bat call identification keys for three regions in New South Wales, Australia, using over 4,000 reference calls in approximate to 300 call sequences per region. We used the program AnaScheme to extract time, frequency and shape parameters from calls recorded with the Anabat system Classification trees were built to separate species using these parameters and provided the decision rules for construction of the keys An 'Unknown' category was included in the keys for sequences that could not be confidently identified to species The reliability of the keys was tested automatically with AnaScheme, using independent ! sets of reference call sequences, and keys were refined before further testing on additional test sequences Regional keys contained 18-19 species or included species groups We report rates of sequence misidentification (accuracy) and correct identification (detection) relative to all sequences (including 'unknowns') used to test each version of a key. Refined versions of the keys were accurate, with total misidentification rates of 0 5-5 3% for the three regions Additionally, total correct identifications for regions were 56-75% (>= 50% for most species), an overall high rate of detection. When 'unknowns' were ignored, as is common in many published studies, correct identification for regions increased to 91-99%, rates which compare favourably to the most successful classifiers tested to date The future use of AnaScheme for automated bat call identification is promising, especially for the large-scale temporal and spatial acoustic sampling to which Anabat is particularly suited.

Representing militancy: photographs of the Broken Hill industrial disputes, 1908-20

- Adams, Paul, Eklund, Erik

Authors: Adams, Paul , Eklund, Erik
Date: 2011
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Labour History Vol. 101, no. (2011), p. 1-34
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Description: The Big Strike of 1919-20 was Broken Hill’s greatest industrial battle but the photographic record of this militant era on the Barrier mines is dominated by pictures of the Great 1909 Lockout. Rather than cover the details of these well-known disputes, this article considers the value and power of photographs of the disputes – their presence, absence, production and presentation in major newspapers and in postcards – an area which has secured far less attention from Australian labour historians. Our concern is not only to read this visual material as evidence of industrial disputes but also to consider how the widespread circulation of such images affected contemporary perceptions of The Hill. We argue that images of a militant locality with a determined labour movement, popular after the 1909 dispute, may well have attracted militant organisers to the town who were important players in the major 1919-20 Big Strike. These images have dominated perceptions of Broken Hill as a bastion of unionism ever since

Political imaginaries in question

- Adams, Suzi, Smith, Jeremy, Straume, Ingerid

Authors: Adams, Suzi , Smith, Jeremy , Straume, Ingerid
Date: 2012
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Critical Horizons Vol. 13, no. 1 (2012), p. 5-11
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Description: This special issue of Critical Horizons takes up the problematic of political imaginaries from various angles. In putting political imaginaries into question, the conditions of possibility for “the political” (le politique) and “politics” (la politique) are interrogated, as well as the concrete, contemporary contexts in which they are embedded, and which they, in turn, transform. In light of the ongoing Global Financial Crisis, the continued ecological devastation of the earth, new sites of terrorism (such as Norway), but also the recent upsurge of protest movements around the world (from the socalled Arab Spring, to the Occupy movement), the questioning of existing horizons of political imaginaries are evident and, consequently, call for elucidation. The present special issue begins to articulate a field of responses to this urgent task.

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Phosphorus distribution in soils from Australian dairy and beef rearing pastoral systems

- Adeloju, Samuel, Webb, Benjamin, Smernik, Ronald

Authors: Adeloju, Samuel , Webb, Benjamin , Smernik, Ronald
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Applied Sciences (Switzerland) Vol. 6, no. 2 (2016), p. 1-19
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Description: The influence of soil type and management practices on P distribution in soils from Australian dairy and beef rearing pastoral systems has been investigated by chemical measurements and phosphorus-31 (31P) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The amount and forms of P within the soil profile varied with soil type, with the acidic red Ferrosols containing relatively high orthophosphate concentrations, averaging 72.2% compared with 66.8% for Dermosols, under similar management conditions. Soil from Sodosol sites which received less fertiliser P addition had the lowest orthophosphate concentration with only 57.6%. In contrast, relatively high proportions of organic P were found in soil samples from unfertilised Sodosol sites. On average, soil from Sodosol sites contained 37.5% organic P (combined monoester P and diester P), while those from Dermosol and Ferrosol sites contained 31.7% and 25.8%, respectively. Of these, the highest monoester phosphate proportions of 44.6% (site M3) and 46.4% (site M4) were found in Sodosol sites with no recent P inputs, but the highest proportion of diester phosphate (5.7%) was found in an unclassified grey sandy loam Dermosol. The higher organic P concentrations in soil from Sodosol sites may be associated with more regular moisture input from both rainfall and boarder-check (flood) irrigation. The highest level of pyrophosphate (8.5%) was also found in a grey/yellow Sodosol. Overall, the results indicate that P speciation in the Australian soils is strongly influenced by soil type, fertiliser P application rate and timing, and moisture variations. © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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The association between selected molecular biomarkers and ambulatory blood pressure patterns in African chronic kidney disease and hypertensive patients compared with normotensive controls : protocol for a longitudinal study

- Adeoye, Abiodun, Adebayo, Oladimeji, Abiola, Busayo, Iwalokun, Bamidele, Tayo, Bamidele, Charchar, Fadi, Ojo, Akinlolu, Cooper, Richard

Authors: Adeoye, Abiodun , Adebayo, Oladimeji , Abiola, Busayo , Iwalokun, Bamidele , Tayo, Bamidele , Charchar, Fadi , Ojo, Akinlolu , Cooper, Richard
Date: 2020
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: JMIR Research Protocols Vol. 9, no. 1 (Jan 2020), p. 8
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Description: Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a burgeoning epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Abnormal blood pressure variations are prevalent in CKD and potentiate the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Certain genetic variants (angiotensin II receptor type 1 1166 A>C and angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion and deletion polymorphisms) and biomarkers such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, soluble (s) E-selectin, homocysteine, and highly sensitive C-reactive protein have been shown to affect blood pressure variability among non-African CKD, hypertensive. and nonhypertensive CKD population. However, the contributions of the pattern, genetic, and environmental determinants of ambulatory blood pressure in African CKD have not been characterized. Understanding these interactions may help to develop interventions to prevent major cardiovascular events among people with CKD. Objective: The overarching objective of this study is to identify, document, and develop approaches to address related phenomic, genetic, and environmental determinants of ambulatory blood pressure patterns in African CKD and non-CKD hypertensive patients compared with normotensive controls. Methods: This is a longitudinal short-term follow-up study of 200 adult subjects with CKD and 200 each of age-matched hypertensives without CKD and apparently healthy controls. Demographic information, detailed clinical profile, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure measurements will be obtained. Blood samples will be collected to determine albumin-creatinine ratio, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, electrolytes, urea and creatinine, C-reactive protein, serum homocysteine, fibroblast growth factor-23, and complete blood count, while 2 mL blood aliquot will be collected in EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) tubes and mixed using an electronic rolling system to prevent blood clots and subsequently used for DNA extraction and genetic analysis. Results: A total of 239 participants have been recruited so far, and it is expected that the recruitment phase will be complete in June 2020. The follow-up phase will continue with data analysis and publications of results. Conclusions: This study will help stratify Nigerian CKD patients phenotypically and genotypically in terms of their blood pressure variations with implications for targeted interventions and timing of medications to improve prognosis.

In situ characterization of stickiness of sugar-rich foods using a linear actuator driven stickiness testing device

- Adhikari, Benu, Howes, Tony, Bhandari, Bhesh, Truong, V.

Authors: Adhikari, Benu , Howes, Tony , Bhandari, Bhesh , Truong, V.
Date: 2003
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Food Engineering Vol. 58, no. 1 (2003), p. 11-22
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Description: A stickiness testing device based on the probe tack test has been designed and tested. It was used to perform in situ characterization of drying hemispherical drops with an initial radius 3.5 mm. Tests were carried out in two drying temperatures, 63 and 95 degreesC. Moisture and temperature histories of the drying drops of fructose, honey, sucrose, maltodextrin and sucrose-maltodextrin mixtures were determined. The rates of moisture evaporation of the fructose solution was the fastest while those of the maltodextrin solution was the lowest. A profile reversal was observed when the temperature profiles of these materials were compared. Different modes of failure were observed during the stickiness tests. Pure fructose and honey solutions remained completely sticky and failed cohesively until the end of drying. Pure sucrose solution remained sticky and failed cohesively until complete crystallization occurred. The surface of the maltodextrin drops formed a skin shortly after the start of drying. It exhibited adhesive failure and reached a state of non-adhesion. Addition of maltodextrin significantly altered the stickiness of sucrose solution. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The effect of low molecular weight surfactants and proteins on surface stickiness of sucrose during powder formation through spray drying

- Adhikari, Benu, Howes, Tony, Wood, B. J., Bhandari, Bhesh

Authors: Adhikari, Benu , Howes, Tony , Wood, B. J. , Bhandari, Bhesh
Date: 2009
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Food Engineering Vol. 94, no. 2 (2009), p. 135 -143
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Description: The effect of competitive surface migration of proteins and low molecular weight surfactants (LMS) on the powder recovery in spray drying of highly sticky sugar-rich food has been studied. Sucrose was chosen as a model sugar-rich food because it cannot be easily converted into a pure amorphous powder through spray drying. Sodium caseinate (Na-C) and hydrolyzed whey protein isolate (WPI) were used as model proteins. Polysorbate 80 (Tween-80) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (Na-DS) were used as model non-ionic and ionic LMS. A sucrose solution was spray dried without any additives to establish a base case. Following this, spray drying trials of sucrose-protein solutions were conducted. The sucrose: protein ratio was maintained at 99.5:0.5 and 99.0:1.0. Finally, 0.05% of Tween-80 and Na-DS, on a nominal feed basis, were individually added to the solutions and spray dried. The solid concentration of all of the feed solutions was set at 25% and the inlet and outlet temperatures were maintained at 170 °C and 70 °C, respectively. Powder recovery was determined using a standard procedure and taken as an indicator of the surface stickiness. Coverage of the particle surface by the proteins was determined through elemental surface analysis and a nitrogen balance. It was found that in the absence of LMS, the proteins covered up to 55% of the particle surface and increased the powder recovery to between 84% and 85%. Formation of a glassy protein-rich film acts to reduce the surface stickiness of sucrose droplets. However, when LMS was added to the sucrose-protein solutions, the recovery dropped to zero in the case of Tween-80. In the case of Na-DS the recoveries ranged to 39% and 68%. At these recoveries 83% and 59% of the protein, respectively, was displaced from the surface. This drastic effect of surfactant types on the powder recovery is explained using the Orogenic Displacement model. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterization of the surface stickiness of fructose-maltodextrin solutions during drying

- Adhikari, Benu, Howes, Tony, Bhandari, Bhesh, Truong, V.

Authors: Adhikari, Benu , Howes, Tony , Bhandari, Bhesh , Truong, V.
Date: 2003
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Drying Technology Vol. 21, no. 1 (2003), p. 17-34
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Description: A probe tack test has been used for the in situ characterization of the surface stickiness of hemispherical drops with an initial radius of 3.5 mm while drying. Surface stickiness of drops of fructose and maltodextrin solutions dried at 63degreesC and 95degreesC was determined. The effect of addition of maltodextrin on fructose solution-was studied with fructose/maltodextrin solid mass ratios of 4: 1, 1: 1, and 1:4. Pure fructose solutions remained completely sticky and failed cohesively even when their moisture approached zero. Shortly after the start of drying, the surface of the maltodextrin drops formed a skin, which rapidly grew in thickness. Subsequently the drop surface became completely nonsticky probably due to transformation of outer layers into a glassy material. Addition of malto,dextrin significantly altered the surface stickiness of drops of fructose solutions, demonstrating its use as an effective drying aid.

Effect of plasticizers on the moisture migration behavior of low-amylose starch films during drying

- Adhikari, Benu, Chaudhary, Deeptangshu, Clerfeuille, E

Authors: Adhikari, Benu , Chaudhary, Deeptangshu , Clerfeuille, E
Date: 2010
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Drying Technology Vol. 28, no. 4 (2010), p. 468-480
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Description: We report the synergistic and competitive interactions between multiple plasticizers in plasticized low-amylose starch that result in either enhanced or reduced water migration fluxes and effective moisture diffusivities. The starch was plasticized using glycerol and xylitol either individually or in 1:1 combination. The water migration fluxes and moisture diffusivities were higher in xylitol plasticized films compared to the glycerol plasticized ones. For low plasticizer concentrations, the presence of both the plasticizers competitively reduced the effective moisture diffusivities and moisture migration fluxes due to antiplasticization. However, at higher plasticizer contents (at and above 15wt%), the presence of multiple plasticizers enhanced the moisture migration fluxes and effective moisture diffusivities due to synergistic plasticization. The moisture migration fluxes and effective moisture diffusivities exhibited both moisture and plasticizer concentration dependence and the former was found to be stronger than the latter. These findings can be used for designing and controlling the vapor barrier properties of starch-based bioplastics during drying and formulation phase.
Description: 2003008138

Thin-layer isothermal drying of fructose, maltodextrin, and their mixture solutions

- Adhikari, Benu, Howes, Tony, Shrestha, A., Tsai, W., Bhandari, Bhesh

Authors: Adhikari, Benu , Howes, Tony , Shrestha, A. , Tsai, W. , Bhandari, Bhesh
Date: 2006
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Drying Technology Vol. 24, no. 11 (2006), p. 1415-1424
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Description: Solutions of fructose, maltodextrin (DE 5), and their mixtures at the ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, and 80:20 were gelled with 1% agar-agar and dried under convective-conductive drying conditions. The thin slabs were maintained at isothermal drying condition of 30 and 50 degrees C. Yamamoto's simplified method based on regular regime approach was used to calculate the (effective) moisture diffusivity. Both the drying rates and the moisture diffusivity exhibited strong concentration dependence. The concentration dependence was stronger in the case of fructose and fructose rich solutions. Both the moisture diffusivity and drying rates of the mixture solutions were enhanced due to plasticization of fructose on maltodextrin, which is explained through free volume theory.

Surface stickiness of drops of carbohydrate and organic acid solutions during convective drying : Experiments and modeling

- Adhikari, Benu, Howes, Tony, Bhandari, Bhesh, Troung, V.

Authors: Adhikari, Benu , Howes, Tony , Bhandari, Bhesh , Troung, V.
Date: 2003
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Drying Technology Vol. 21, no. 5 (2003), p. 839-873
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Description: Drying kinetics of low molecular weight sugars such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and organic acid such as citric acid and high molecular weight carbohydrate such as maltodextrin (DE 6) were determined experimentally using single drop drying experiments as well as predicted numerically by solving the mass and heat transfer equations. The predicted moisture and temperature histories agreed with the experimental ones within 6% average relative (absolute) error and average difference of +/- 1degreesC, respectively. The stickiness histories of these drops were determined experimentally and predicted numerically based on the glass transition temperature (T-g) of surface layer. The model predicted the experimental observations with good accuracy. A nonsticky regime for these materials during spray drying is proposed by simulating a drop, initially 120 mum in diameter, in a spray drying environment.

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Effect of addition of proteins on the production of amorphous sucrose powder through spray drying

- Adhikari, Benu, Howes, Tony, Bhandari, Bhesh, Langrish, Tim

Authors: Adhikari, Benu , Howes, Tony , Bhandari, Bhesh , Langrish, Tim
Date: 2009
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Food Engineering Vol. 94, no. 2 (2009), p. 144 -153
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Description: Spray drying trials were carried out to produce amorphous sucrose powder. Firstly, pure sucrose solutions were prepared and spray dried at inlet and outlet temperatures of 160 °C and 70 °C, respectively. No amorphous powder was obtained and only 18% of the feed solids were recovered in a crystalline form, with the remaining solids lost as wall deposits. Secondly, sodium caseinate (Na-C) and hydrolyzed whey protein isolate (WPI) were added in sucrose:protein solid ratios of (99.5:0.5) and (99.0:1.0) and drying trials were conducted maintaining the initial drying conditions. In both these cases, greater than 80% of the feed solids were recovered in an amorphous form. The increase in protein concentration from 0.5% to 1% on dry solid basis did not further improve the recovery. The remarkable increase in recovery from a small addition of protein is attributed to preferential migration of protein molecules to the droplet-air interface, and the subsequent transformation of the thin, protein-rich film into a non-sticky glassy state upon drying. This film overcomes both the particle-to-particle and particle-to-wall stickiness. The measured bulk glass rubber transition temperature (Tg-r) values of the bulk mixtures at various moisture contents were very close to the corresponding mean glass transition temperature (Tg) of the pure sucrose indicating that surface layer Tg rather than the bulk Tg is responsible for this. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) studies revealed that the particle surface was covered by 50-58% (by mass) proteins. The calculated glass transition temperature of the surface layer (Tg,surface layer), based on the surface elemental compositions, showed that the Tg,surface layer has increased to the extent that it remained within the safe drying envelope of spray drying. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of cultivars and thermal processing with salt solutions on the textural attributes (hardness, chewiness and rate of softening) of potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

- Adhikari, Benu, Purcell, T., Ristrom, A., Chaudhary, Deeptangshu

Authors: Adhikari, Benu , Purcell, T. , Ristrom, A. , Chaudhary, Deeptangshu
Date: 2010
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: International Journal of Food Properties Vol. 13, no. 5 (2010), p. 1161-1177
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Description: The change in textural attributes (hardness, chewiness and rate of softening) of three potato cultivars (Russet Burbank, Desiree and Sebago) was investigated. Uniform cylindrical samples (35-mm diameter and 3-mm thick) were prepared and exposed to different thermal processing regimes including; heating at 85°C, 95°C in water and steaming (100.2°C). The effect of salt on these textural attributes was also investigated using different salt concentrations (1.5%, 3% and 6% (w/w) NaCl). After thermal treatments the samples were subjected to texture profile analysis. The instrumental textural attributes were greatly affected by the cultivars and the thermal processing regimes. The change in textural attributes upon steaming was only marginally different compared to that at 95°C in water. Low concentrations of salt (1-3%) were found to accelerate the softening of the texture in these cultivars especially at lower temperatures. The textural attributes were modelled using a two-parameter reaction kinetics model. There was reasonable agreement by the model findings on the textural attributes prepared from all the thermal processing regimes and in presence and absence of (within average absolute error of 1.9-7%). Further, the model indicated that the order of reaction varied from 1.15-2.18 indicating that the changes in textural attributes in these thermal processing regimes followed higher reaction orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Description: 2003008255

Guest Editorial: Special Thematic Issue on Drying of Proteins and Enzymes

- Adhikari, Benu, Devahastin, Sakamon, Mujumdar, Arun

Authors: Adhikari, Benu , Devahastin, Sakamon , Mujumdar, Arun
Date: 2013
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Drying Technology Vol. 31, no. 13-14 (2013), p. 1439-1440
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Description: The idea of publishing a special issue on proteins and enzymes was conceived during the 18th International Drying Symposium (IDS2012) held in the historical city of Xiamen, China (November 11-15, 2012). It appeared to us that a number of scientists and engineers were enthusiastically undertaking research in various aspects of drying of proteins and enzymes. Professors Arun Mujumdar and Sakamon Devhastin encouraged me to explore the possibility of bringing at least one special issue that would depict contemporary research undertakings in the broader theme involving proteins and enzymes. We were somewhat unsure in the beginning whether or not the required number of high quality mansucripts could be garnered for one issue in the time constraint we had in mind. Editorial
Description: C3

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