A multilevel longitudinal study of obsessive compulsive symptoms in adolescence: Male gender and emotional stability as protective factors
- Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Moore, Kathleen, Lazaratou, Helen, Dikeos, Dimitris, Gomez, Rapson
- Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Moore, Kathleen , Lazaratou, Helen , Dikeos, Dimitris , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Annals of General Psychiatry Vol. 16, no. 42 (2017), p.1-12
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- Description: The severity of obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) is suggested to be normally distributed in the general population, and they appear to have an impact on a range of aspects of adolescent development. Importantly, there are individual differences regarding susceptibility to OCS. In the present repeated measures study, OCS were studied in relation to gender and emotional stability (as a personality trait) using a normative sample of 515 adolescents at ages 16 and 18 years. OCS were assessed with the relevant subscale of the SCL-90-R and emotional stability with the Five Factor Questionnaire. A three-level hierarchical linear model was calculated to longitudinally assess the over time variations of OCS and their over time links to gender and emotional stability, while controlling for random effects due to the nesting of the data. Experiencing OCS increased with age (between 16 and 18 years). Additionally, male gender and higher emotional stability were associated with lower OCS at 16 years and these remained stable over time. Results indicate age-related and between individual differences on reported OCS that need to be considered for prevention and intervention planning.
- Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Moore, Kathleen , Lazaratou, Helen , Dikeos, Dimitris , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Annals of General Psychiatry Vol. 16, no. 42 (2017), p.1-12
- Full Text:
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- Description: The severity of obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) is suggested to be normally distributed in the general population, and they appear to have an impact on a range of aspects of adolescent development. Importantly, there are individual differences regarding susceptibility to OCS. In the present repeated measures study, OCS were studied in relation to gender and emotional stability (as a personality trait) using a normative sample of 515 adolescents at ages 16 and 18 years. OCS were assessed with the relevant subscale of the SCL-90-R and emotional stability with the Five Factor Questionnaire. A three-level hierarchical linear model was calculated to longitudinally assess the over time variations of OCS and their over time links to gender and emotional stability, while controlling for random effects due to the nesting of the data. Experiencing OCS increased with age (between 16 and 18 years). Additionally, male gender and higher emotional stability were associated with lower OCS at 16 years and these remained stable over time. Results indicate age-related and between individual differences on reported OCS that need to be considered for prevention and intervention planning.
A reevaluation of the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the spiritual well-being questionnaire (SWBQ)
- Gomez, Rapson, Watson, Shaun
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Religion and Health Vol. 62, no. 3 (2023), p. 2112-2130
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- Description: The 20-item Gomez and Fisher (Personal Individ Differ 35:1975–1991, 2003) Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ) is a widely used measure of spiritual well-being. Its theoretical model is a higher-order model with primary factors for personal, communal, environmental, and transcendental well-being, and a secondary global spiritual well-being factor. The current study, conducted in Australia, reevaluated the factor structure of the SWBQ. Unlike previous studies, the current study also used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine the factor structure of the SWBQ and selected the preferred model using not only global model fit values, but also the clarity, reliabilities, and validities of the factors in the models. A total of 227 adults (males = 63; females = 164; M age = 26.1 years; SD = 5.2 years) completed the SWBQ. Based on the model selection criteria applied in the study, the ESEM model with four group factors was selected as the preferred model. However, there was also adequate support for the proposed theoretical higher-order model and the first-order oblique model with the four well-being factors. Concerning our preferred model, its factors showed reasonable clarity for factor loadings and (omega) reliabilities. However, only the communal domain scale was supported empirically for external validity. The implications of the findings for the theoretical model, the use of the SWBQ, and future studies are discussed. In this respect, there are three potential models (theorized higher-order model, 4-factor first-order oblique model, and the ESEM model proposed in this study) that warrant further detailed investigation with a larger, more representative population and additional validation measures. © 2022, The Author(s).
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Religion and Health Vol. 62, no. 3 (2023), p. 2112-2130
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- Description: The 20-item Gomez and Fisher (Personal Individ Differ 35:1975–1991, 2003) Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ) is a widely used measure of spiritual well-being. Its theoretical model is a higher-order model with primary factors for personal, communal, environmental, and transcendental well-being, and a secondary global spiritual well-being factor. The current study, conducted in Australia, reevaluated the factor structure of the SWBQ. Unlike previous studies, the current study also used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine the factor structure of the SWBQ and selected the preferred model using not only global model fit values, but also the clarity, reliabilities, and validities of the factors in the models. A total of 227 adults (males = 63; females = 164; M age = 26.1 years; SD = 5.2 years) completed the SWBQ. Based on the model selection criteria applied in the study, the ESEM model with four group factors was selected as the preferred model. However, there was also adequate support for the proposed theoretical higher-order model and the first-order oblique model with the four well-being factors. Concerning our preferred model, its factors showed reasonable clarity for factor loadings and (omega) reliabilities. However, only the communal domain scale was supported empirically for external validity. The implications of the findings for the theoretical model, the use of the SWBQ, and future studies are discussed. In this respect, there are three potential models (theorized higher-order model, 4-factor first-order oblique model, and the ESEM model proposed in this study) that warrant further detailed investigation with a larger, more representative population and additional validation measures. © 2022, The Author(s).
ADHD symptoms among adolescents : measurement invariance across mother and adolescent self-ratings
- Gomez, Rapson, Houghton, Stephen
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Houghton, Stephen
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 213, no. (2023), p.
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- Description: This study employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) across mother and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms [inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM)] as presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS; Barkley & Murphy, 1998). The ADHD model used for this analysis was the ICD-10 3-factor model, with factors for IA, HY and IM. Findings supported configural invariance. Of the 18 ADHD symptoms, 4 symptoms (three of which were IA symptoms) lacked metric invariance. Nine thresholds (1 IA symptom, 6 HY symptoms, and 2 IM symptoms) lacked scalar invariance, with six being for the first thresholds. The psychometric and practical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2023 The Authors
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Houghton, Stephen
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 213, no. (2023), p.
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- Description: This study employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) across mother and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms [inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM)] as presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS; Barkley & Murphy, 1998). The ADHD model used for this analysis was the ICD-10 3-factor model, with factors for IA, HY and IM. Findings supported configural invariance. Of the 18 ADHD symptoms, 4 symptoms (three of which were IA symptoms) lacked metric invariance. Nine thresholds (1 IA symptom, 6 HY symptoms, and 2 IM symptoms) lacked scalar invariance, with six being for the first thresholds. The psychometric and practical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2023 The Authors
Associations of UPPS-P negative urgency and positive urgency with ADHD dimensions : moderation by lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance in men and women
- Gomez, Rapson, Watson, Shaun
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 206, no. (2023), p.
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- Description: The study examined how dimensions of Whiteside and Lynam's (2003) UPPS-P model of impulsivity (lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, negative urgency, and positive urgency) were associated directly and interactively with the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in men and women separately. A total of 550 adults (men = 147, women = 403), ages ranging from 18 to 65 years, from the general community completed questionnaires covering the study variables. For women, there was support for the additive model for the prediction of inattention, and both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were predicted by lack of premeditation × positive urgency. For men, inattention was predicted by lack of premeditation × negative urgency, and lack of premeditation × positive urgency. In all instances, low levels of premeditation reduced the relationships between the urgency dimensions and ADHD dimensions. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2023 The Author(s)
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 206, no. (2023), p.
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- Description: The study examined how dimensions of Whiteside and Lynam's (2003) UPPS-P model of impulsivity (lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, negative urgency, and positive urgency) were associated directly and interactively with the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in men and women separately. A total of 550 adults (men = 147, women = 403), ages ranging from 18 to 65 years, from the general community completed questionnaires covering the study variables. For women, there was support for the additive model for the prediction of inattention, and both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were predicted by lack of premeditation × positive urgency. For men, inattention was predicted by lack of premeditation × negative urgency, and lack of premeditation × positive urgency. In all instances, low levels of premeditation reduced the relationships between the urgency dimensions and ADHD dimensions. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2023 The Author(s)
Choosing a cut-off on the severity of dependence scale for ecstasy use
- Bruno, Raimondo, Gomez, Rapson, Matthews, Allison
- Authors: Bruno, Raimondo , Gomez, Rapson , Matthews, Allison
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Open Addiction Journal Vol. 4, no. 13-14 (2011)
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- Description: Despite controversy about the potential for the development of dependence in relation to ecstasy [1], some people do experience problems with ecstasy use, and full case reports of dependence have been identified [2]. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a brief, five-item screening instrument that has demonstrated validity in identifying cases of DSM cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and benzodiazepine dependence. This study aimed to determine a cut-off score on the SDS that could provide a useful indication of individuals that are potentially ecstasy dependent according to DSM criteria.
- Description: Despite controversy about the potential for the development of dependence in relation to ecstasy [1], some people do experience problems with ecstasy use, and full case reports of dependence have been identified [2]. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a brief, five-item screening instrument that has demonstrated validity in identifying cases of DSM cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and benzodiazepine dependence. This study aimed to determine a cut-off score on the SDS that could provide a useful indication of individuals that are potentially ecstasy dependent according to DSM criteria
- Authors: Bruno, Raimondo , Gomez, Rapson , Matthews, Allison
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Open Addiction Journal Vol. 4, no. 13-14 (2011)
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- Description: Despite controversy about the potential for the development of dependence in relation to ecstasy [1], some people do experience problems with ecstasy use, and full case reports of dependence have been identified [2]. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a brief, five-item screening instrument that has demonstrated validity in identifying cases of DSM cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and benzodiazepine dependence. This study aimed to determine a cut-off score on the SDS that could provide a useful indication of individuals that are potentially ecstasy dependent according to DSM criteria.
- Description: Despite controversy about the potential for the development of dependence in relation to ecstasy [1], some people do experience problems with ecstasy use, and full case reports of dependence have been identified [2]. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a brief, five-item screening instrument that has demonstrated validity in identifying cases of DSM cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and benzodiazepine dependence. This study aimed to determine a cut-off score on the SDS that could provide a useful indication of individuals that are potentially ecstasy dependent according to DSM criteria
Conceptualising social media addiction: a longitudinal network analysis of social media addiction symptoms and their relationships with psychological distress in a community sample of adults
- Tullett-Prado, Deon, Doley, Jo, Zarate, Daniel, Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Authors: Tullett-Prado, Deon , Doley, Jo , Zarate, Daniel , Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMC Psychiatry Vol. 23, no. 1 (2023), p.
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- Description: Background: Problematic social media use has been identified as negatively impacting psychological and everyday functioning and has been identified as a possible behavioural addiction (social media addiction; SMA). Whether SMA can be classified as a distinct behavioural addiction has been debated within the literature, with some regarding SMA as a premature pathologisation of ordinary social media use behaviour and suggesting there is little evidence for its use as a category of clinical concern. This study aimed to understand the relationship between proposed symptoms of SMA and psychological distress and examine these over time in a longitudinal network analysis, in order better understand whether SMA warrants classification as a unique pathology unique from general distress. Method: N = 462 adults (M age = 30.8, SD age = 9.23, 69.3% males, 29% females, 1.9% other sex or gender) completed measures of social media addiction (Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale), and psychological distress (DASS-21) at two time points, twelve months apart. Data were analysed using network analysis (NA) to explore SMA symptoms and psychological distress. Specifically, NA allows to assess the ‘influence’ and pathways of influence of each symptom in the network both cross-sectionally at each time point, as well as over time. Results: SMA symptoms were found to be stable cross-sectionally over time, and were associated with, yet distinct, from, depression, anxiety and stress. The most central symptoms within the network were tolerance and mood-modification in terms of expected influence and closeness respectively. Depression symptoms appeared to have less of a formative effect on SMA symptoms than anxiety and stress. Conclusions: Our findings support the conceptualisation of SMA as a distinct construct occurring based on an underpinning network cluster of behaviours and a distinct association between SMA symptoms and distress. Further replications of these findings, however, are needed to strengthen the evidence for SMA as a unique behavioural addiction. © 2023, The Author(s).
- Authors: Tullett-Prado, Deon , Doley, Jo , Zarate, Daniel , Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMC Psychiatry Vol. 23, no. 1 (2023), p.
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- Description: Background: Problematic social media use has been identified as negatively impacting psychological and everyday functioning and has been identified as a possible behavioural addiction (social media addiction; SMA). Whether SMA can be classified as a distinct behavioural addiction has been debated within the literature, with some regarding SMA as a premature pathologisation of ordinary social media use behaviour and suggesting there is little evidence for its use as a category of clinical concern. This study aimed to understand the relationship between proposed symptoms of SMA and psychological distress and examine these over time in a longitudinal network analysis, in order better understand whether SMA warrants classification as a unique pathology unique from general distress. Method: N = 462 adults (M age = 30.8, SD age = 9.23, 69.3% males, 29% females, 1.9% other sex or gender) completed measures of social media addiction (Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale), and psychological distress (DASS-21) at two time points, twelve months apart. Data were analysed using network analysis (NA) to explore SMA symptoms and psychological distress. Specifically, NA allows to assess the ‘influence’ and pathways of influence of each symptom in the network both cross-sectionally at each time point, as well as over time. Results: SMA symptoms were found to be stable cross-sectionally over time, and were associated with, yet distinct, from, depression, anxiety and stress. The most central symptoms within the network were tolerance and mood-modification in terms of expected influence and closeness respectively. Depression symptoms appeared to have less of a formative effect on SMA symptoms than anxiety and stress. Conclusions: Our findings support the conceptualisation of SMA as a distinct construct occurring based on an underpinning network cluster of behaviours and a distinct association between SMA symptoms and distress. Further replications of these findings, however, are needed to strengthen the evidence for SMA as a unique behavioural addiction. © 2023, The Author(s).
Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling of the factor structure of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE)
- Gomez, Rapson, Brown, Taylor, Watson, Shaun, Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Brown, Taylor , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 17, no. 2 February (2022), p.
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- Description: The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) is a multiple dimensional measure of cognitive empathy [comprising primary factors for perspective taking (PT), online simulation (OS)], and affective empathy [comprising primary factors for emotion contagion (EC), proximal responsivity (PRO), and peripheral responsivity (PER)]. This study used independent clusters confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine the scale’s factor structure. A general community sample of 203 (men = 43, women = 160) between 17 and 63 years completed the QCAE. Although both the five-factor oblique and second order factor models showed good model fit, and clarity in the pattern of factor loadings, in the second-order factor model, none of the primary factors loaded significantly on their respective secondary factors, thereby favoring the five-factor oblique model. The factors in this model were supported in terms of external validity. Despite this, the factor for PRO in this model showed low reliability for meaning interpretation. A revised four-factor oblique model without the PRO factor showed good fit, clarity in the pattern of factor loadings, and reliability and validity for the factors in this model, thereby suggesting this to be the best model to represent ratings on the QCAE. Copyright: © 2022 Gomez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Brown, Taylor , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 17, no. 2 February (2022), p.
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- Description: The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) is a multiple dimensional measure of cognitive empathy [comprising primary factors for perspective taking (PT), online simulation (OS)], and affective empathy [comprising primary factors for emotion contagion (EC), proximal responsivity (PRO), and peripheral responsivity (PER)]. This study used independent clusters confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine the scale’s factor structure. A general community sample of 203 (men = 43, women = 160) between 17 and 63 years completed the QCAE. Although both the five-factor oblique and second order factor models showed good model fit, and clarity in the pattern of factor loadings, in the second-order factor model, none of the primary factors loaded significantly on their respective secondary factors, thereby favoring the five-factor oblique model. The factors in this model were supported in terms of external validity. Despite this, the factor for PRO in this model showed low reliability for meaning interpretation. A revised four-factor oblique model without the PRO factor showed good fit, clarity in the pattern of factor loadings, and reliability and validity for the factors in this model, thereby suggesting this to be the best model to represent ratings on the QCAE. Copyright: © 2022 Gomez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling of the factor structure of the depression anxiety and stress scales-21
- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Griffiths, Mark
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Griffiths, Mark
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Plos One Vol. 15, no. 6 (Jun 2020), p. 16
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- Description: The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) involves a simple structure first-order three-factor oblique model, with factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. Recently, concerns have been raised over the value of using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for studying the factor structure of scales in general. However, such concerns can be circumvented using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Consequently, the present study used CFA and ESEM with target rotation to examine the factor structure of the DASS-21 among an adult community. It compared first-order CFA, ESEM with target rotation, bi-factor CFA (BCFA), and bi-factor BESEM with target rotation models with group/specific factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 738 adults (males = 374, and females = 364; M = 25.29 years; SD = 7.61 years) completed the DASS-21. While all models examined showed good global fit values, one or more of the group/specific factors in the BCFA, ESEM with target rotation and BESEM with target rotation models were poorly defined. As the first-order CFA model was most parsimonious, with well-defined factors that were also supported in terms of their reliabilities and validities, this model was selected as the preferred DASS-21 model. The implications of the findings for use and revision of the DASS-21 are discussed.
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Griffiths, Mark
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Plos One Vol. 15, no. 6 (Jun 2020), p. 16
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- Description: The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) involves a simple structure first-order three-factor oblique model, with factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. Recently, concerns have been raised over the value of using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for studying the factor structure of scales in general. However, such concerns can be circumvented using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Consequently, the present study used CFA and ESEM with target rotation to examine the factor structure of the DASS-21 among an adult community. It compared first-order CFA, ESEM with target rotation, bi-factor CFA (BCFA), and bi-factor BESEM with target rotation models with group/specific factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 738 adults (males = 374, and females = 364; M = 25.29 years; SD = 7.61 years) completed the DASS-21. While all models examined showed good global fit values, one or more of the group/specific factors in the BCFA, ESEM with target rotation and BESEM with target rotation models were poorly defined. As the first-order CFA model was most parsimonious, with well-defined factors that were also supported in terms of their reliabilities and validities, this model was selected as the preferred DASS-21 model. The implications of the findings for use and revision of the DASS-21 are discussed.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the combined social phobia scale and social interaction anxiety scale : Support for a bifactor model
- Gomez, Rapson, Watson, Shaun
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 8, no. (2017), p. 1-13
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- Description: For the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) together, this study examined support for a bifactor model, and also the internal consistency reliability and external validity of the factors in this model. Participants (N = 526) were adults from the general community who completed the SPS and SIAS. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of their ratings indicated good support for the bifactor model. For this model, the loadings for all but six items were higher on the general factor than the specific factors. The three positively worded items had negligible loadings on the general factor. The general factor explained most of the common variance in the SPS and SIAS, and demonstrated good model-based internal consistency reliability (omega hierarchical) and a strong association with fear of negative evaluation and extraversion. The practical implications of the findings for the utilization of the SPS and SIAS, and the theoretical and clinical implications for social anxiety are discussed. © 2017 Gomez and Watson.
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 8, no. (2017), p. 1-13
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- Description: For the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) together, this study examined support for a bifactor model, and also the internal consistency reliability and external validity of the factors in this model. Participants (N = 526) were adults from the general community who completed the SPS and SIAS. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of their ratings indicated good support for the bifactor model. For this model, the loadings for all but six items were higher on the general factor than the specific factors. The three positively worded items had negligible loadings on the general factor. The general factor explained most of the common variance in the SPS and SIAS, and demonstrated good model-based internal consistency reliability (omega hierarchical) and a strong association with fear of negative evaluation and extraversion. The practical implications of the findings for the utilization of the SPS and SIAS, and the theoretical and clinical implications for social anxiety are discussed. © 2017 Gomez and Watson.
Correlated trait–correlated method minus one analysis of the convergent and discriminant validity of the conners 3 short forms
- Gomez, Rapson, Vance, Alasdair, Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assessment Vol. 27, no. 7 (2020), p. 1463-1475
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- Description: This study used the correlated trait–correlated method minus one model to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales of the Conners 3 Short [C 3 (S)]. The C 3 (S) scales in the analysis were inattention (IN), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HY), learning problems (LP; learning problems/executive functioning from the teacher version), aggression (AG), and peer relations (PR, only for parent and teacher versions). A total of 529 adolescents and children (75% males, mean age = 11.75 years, SD = 2.97 years) provided self-ratings, and were also rated by their mothers and teachers. The findings indicated no support for the convergence of IN and HY across the three respondents. In contrast, there was convergence for LP, AG, and PR. There was support for the discriminant validity of the traits, except between IN and HY. The findings are discussed in relation to the convergent and discriminant validity of the C 3 (S) measures, and the clinical use of the C 3 (S). © The Author(s) 2018.
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assessment Vol. 27, no. 7 (2020), p. 1463-1475
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- Description: This study used the correlated trait–correlated method minus one model to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales of the Conners 3 Short [C 3 (S)]. The C 3 (S) scales in the analysis were inattention (IN), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HY), learning problems (LP; learning problems/executive functioning from the teacher version), aggression (AG), and peer relations (PR, only for parent and teacher versions). A total of 529 adolescents and children (75% males, mean age = 11.75 years, SD = 2.97 years) provided self-ratings, and were also rated by their mothers and teachers. The findings indicated no support for the convergence of IN and HY across the three respondents. In contrast, there was convergence for LP, AG, and PR. There was support for the discriminant validity of the traits, except between IN and HY. The findings are discussed in relation to the convergent and discriminant validity of the C 3 (S) measures, and the clinical use of the C 3 (S). © The Author(s) 2018.
Differences between DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 revisions of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder : a commentary on implications and opportunities
- Gomez, Rapson, Chen, Wai, Houghton, Stephen
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Chen, Wai , Houghton, Stephen
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: World J Psychiatry Vol. 13, no. 5 (2023), p. 138-143
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- Description: Current ICD-11 descriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were recently published online, in the same year as the DSM-5-TR (text revised edition) was released. In this commentary, we compare and contrast the DSM-5/DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 diagnostic criteria, summarize important differences, and underscore their clinical and research implications. Overall, three major differences emerge: (1) The number of diagnostic criteria for inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY) and impulsivity (IM) symptoms ( , DSM-5-TR has nine IA and nine HY/IM symptoms, whereas ICD-11 has 11 IA and 11 HY/IM sym-ptoms) (2) the clarity and standardization of diagnostic thresholds ( , the diagnostic thresholds for symptom count in IA and HY/IM domains are explicitly specified in DSM-5-TR, whereas in ICD-11 they are not) and (3) the partitioning of HY and IM symptoms into sub-dimensions ( , difference in partitioning HY and IM symptom domains relates to the differences between the current and previous editions of DSM and ICD, and this has important research implications). Currently, no ICD-11 based ADHD rating scales exist and while this absence represents an obstacle for respective research and clinical practice, it also presents opportunities for research development. This article highlights these challenges, possible remedies and novel research opportunities.
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Chen, Wai , Houghton, Stephen
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: World J Psychiatry Vol. 13, no. 5 (2023), p. 138-143
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- Description: Current ICD-11 descriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were recently published online, in the same year as the DSM-5-TR (text revised edition) was released. In this commentary, we compare and contrast the DSM-5/DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 diagnostic criteria, summarize important differences, and underscore their clinical and research implications. Overall, three major differences emerge: (1) The number of diagnostic criteria for inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY) and impulsivity (IM) symptoms ( , DSM-5-TR has nine IA and nine HY/IM symptoms, whereas ICD-11 has 11 IA and 11 HY/IM sym-ptoms) (2) the clarity and standardization of diagnostic thresholds ( , the diagnostic thresholds for symptom count in IA and HY/IM domains are explicitly specified in DSM-5-TR, whereas in ICD-11 they are not) and (3) the partitioning of HY and IM symptoms into sub-dimensions ( , difference in partitioning HY and IM symptom domains relates to the differences between the current and previous editions of DSM and ICD, and this has important research implications). Currently, no ICD-11 based ADHD rating scales exist and while this absence represents an obstacle for respective research and clinical practice, it also presents opportunities for research development. This article highlights these challenges, possible remedies and novel research opportunities.
Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the spiritual well-being questionnaire
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Fisher, John
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 35, no. 8 (2003), p. 1975-1991
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- Description: Fisher (1998) proposed a spiritual well-being model, comprising the domains of personal, communal, environmental and transcendental well-being, and a single global spiritual well-being dimension. This paper reports on four studies aimed at testing Fisher's theoretical model, and establishing the validity and reliability of a new self-rating questionnaire (Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire; SWBQ), developed to reflect this model. All four studies supported Fisher's model. The SWBQ showed good reliability (Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and variance extracted), and validity (construct, concurrent, discriminant, predictive and factorial independence from personality). The SWBQ has the advantage over other existing spiritual well-being measures in that it is based on a broader and more empirically based conceptualization of spiritual well-being, and has well established psychometric properties. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000503
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Fisher, John
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 35, no. 8 (2003), p. 1975-1991
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Fisher (1998) proposed a spiritual well-being model, comprising the domains of personal, communal, environmental and transcendental well-being, and a single global spiritual well-being dimension. This paper reports on four studies aimed at testing Fisher's theoretical model, and establishing the validity and reliability of a new self-rating questionnaire (Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire; SWBQ), developed to reflect this model. All four studies supported Fisher's model. The SWBQ showed good reliability (Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and variance extracted), and validity (construct, concurrent, discriminant, predictive and factorial independence from personality). The SWBQ has the advantage over other existing spiritual well-being measures in that it is based on a broader and more empirically based conceptualization of spiritual well-being, and has well established psychometric properties. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000503
Duration-dependent effects of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on anodal tDCS induced motor cortex plasticity in older adults : A group and individual perspective
- Puri, Rohan, Hinder, Mark, Fujiyama, Hakuei, Gomez, Rapson, Carson, Richard, Summers, Jeff
- Authors: Puri, Rohan , Hinder, Mark , Fujiyama, Hakuei , Gomez, Rapson , Carson, Richard , Summers, Jeff
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience Vol. 7, no. JUN (2015), p. 1-10
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- Description: The brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and stimulation duration are thought to play an important role in modulating motor cortex plasticity induced by non-invasive brain stimulation (NBS). In the present study we sought to determine whether these factors interact or exert independent effects in older adults. Fifty-four healthy older adults (mean age = 66.85 years) underwent two counterbalanced sessions of 1.5 mA anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS), applied over left M1 for either 10 or 20 min. Single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess corticospinal excitability (CSE) before and every 5 min for 30 min following atDCS. On a group level, there was an interaction between stimulation duration and BDNF genotype, with Met carriers (n = 13) showing greater post-intervention potentiation of CSE compared to Val66Val homozygotes homozygotes (n = 37) following 20 min (p = 0.002) but not 10 min (p = 0.219) of stimulation. Moreover, Met carriers, but not Val/Val homozygotes, exhibited larger responses to TMS (p = 0.046) after 20 min atDCS, than following 10 min atDCS. On an individual level, two-step cluster analysis revealed a considerable degree of inter-individual variability, with under half of the total sample (42%) showing the expected potentiation of CSE in response to atDCS across both sessions. Intra-individual variability in response to different durations of atDCS was also apparent, with one-third of the total sample (34%) exhibiting LTP-like effects in one session but LTD-like effects in the other session. Both the inter-individual (p = 0.027) and intra-individual (p = 0.04) variability was associated with BDNF genotype. In older adults, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism along with stimulation duration appears to play a role in modulating tDCS-induced motor cortex plasticity. The results may have implications for the design of NBS protocols for healthy and diseased aged populations. © 2015 Puri, Hinder, Fujiyama, Gomez, Carson and Summers.
- Authors: Puri, Rohan , Hinder, Mark , Fujiyama, Hakuei , Gomez, Rapson , Carson, Richard , Summers, Jeff
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience Vol. 7, no. JUN (2015), p. 1-10
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and stimulation duration are thought to play an important role in modulating motor cortex plasticity induced by non-invasive brain stimulation (NBS). In the present study we sought to determine whether these factors interact or exert independent effects in older adults. Fifty-four healthy older adults (mean age = 66.85 years) underwent two counterbalanced sessions of 1.5 mA anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS), applied over left M1 for either 10 or 20 min. Single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess corticospinal excitability (CSE) before and every 5 min for 30 min following atDCS. On a group level, there was an interaction between stimulation duration and BDNF genotype, with Met carriers (n = 13) showing greater post-intervention potentiation of CSE compared to Val66Val homozygotes homozygotes (n = 37) following 20 min (p = 0.002) but not 10 min (p = 0.219) of stimulation. Moreover, Met carriers, but not Val/Val homozygotes, exhibited larger responses to TMS (p = 0.046) after 20 min atDCS, than following 10 min atDCS. On an individual level, two-step cluster analysis revealed a considerable degree of inter-individual variability, with under half of the total sample (42%) showing the expected potentiation of CSE in response to atDCS across both sessions. Intra-individual variability in response to different durations of atDCS was also apparent, with one-third of the total sample (34%) exhibiting LTP-like effects in one session but LTD-like effects in the other session. Both the inter-individual (p = 0.027) and intra-individual (p = 0.04) variability was associated with BDNF genotype. In older adults, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism along with stimulation duration appears to play a role in modulating tDCS-induced motor cortex plasticity. The results may have implications for the design of NBS protocols for healthy and diseased aged populations. © 2015 Puri, Hinder, Fujiyama, Gomez, Carson and Summers.
Exercise, mood, self-efficacy, and social support as predictors of depressive symptoms in older adults : Direct and interaction effects
- Miller, Kyle, Mesagno, Christopher, McLaren, Suzanne, Grace, Fergal, Yates, Mark, Gomez, Rapson
- Authors: Miller, Kyle , Mesagno, Christopher , McLaren, Suzanne , Grace, Fergal , Yates, Mark , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 10, no. (2019), p. 1-11
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- Description: Background: Depression is a chronic condition that affects up to 15% of older adults. The healthogenic effects of regular exercise are well established, but it is still unclear which exercise-related variables characterise the antidepressant effects of exercise. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which exercise-related variables (exercise behaviour, exercise-induced mood, exercise self-efficacy, and social support) can predict depressive symptoms in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional analysis of questionnaire data from a sample of 586 community-dwelling older Australians aged 65 to 96 years old. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, modified CHAMPS Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Adults, Four-Dimension Mood Scale, Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale, and Social Provisions Scale - Short Form. Bivariate correlations were performed, and hierarchical multiple regression was subsequently used to test the regression model. Results: Exercise behaviour, exercise-induced mood, exercise self-efficacy, and social support were all negatively associated with depressive symptoms (r = -0.20 to -0.56). When the variables were entered as predictors into the hierarchical multiple regression model, social support was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms (beta = -0.42), followed by exercise-induced mood (beta = -0.23), and exercise self-efficacy (beta = -0.07). Exercise behaviour did not explain any additional variance in depressive symptoms. A modest interaction effect was also observed between exercise-induced mood and social support. Conclusion: These findings indicate that social support is the strongest predictor of depressive symptomology in community-dwelling older adults, particularly when combined with positive exercise-induced mood states. When addressing the needs of older adults at risk of depression, healthcare professionals should consider the implementation of exercise programmes that are likely to benefit older adults by improving mood, enhancing self-efficacy, and building social support.
- Authors: Miller, Kyle , Mesagno, Christopher , McLaren, Suzanne , Grace, Fergal , Yates, Mark , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 10, no. (2019), p. 1-11
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Depression is a chronic condition that affects up to 15% of older adults. The healthogenic effects of regular exercise are well established, but it is still unclear which exercise-related variables characterise the antidepressant effects of exercise. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which exercise-related variables (exercise behaviour, exercise-induced mood, exercise self-efficacy, and social support) can predict depressive symptoms in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional analysis of questionnaire data from a sample of 586 community-dwelling older Australians aged 65 to 96 years old. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, modified CHAMPS Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Adults, Four-Dimension Mood Scale, Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale, and Social Provisions Scale - Short Form. Bivariate correlations were performed, and hierarchical multiple regression was subsequently used to test the regression model. Results: Exercise behaviour, exercise-induced mood, exercise self-efficacy, and social support were all negatively associated with depressive symptoms (r = -0.20 to -0.56). When the variables were entered as predictors into the hierarchical multiple regression model, social support was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms (beta = -0.42), followed by exercise-induced mood (beta = -0.23), and exercise self-efficacy (beta = -0.07). Exercise behaviour did not explain any additional variance in depressive symptoms. A modest interaction effect was also observed between exercise-induced mood and social support. Conclusion: These findings indicate that social support is the strongest predictor of depressive symptomology in community-dwelling older adults, particularly when combined with positive exercise-induced mood states. When addressing the needs of older adults at risk of depression, healthcare professionals should consider the implementation of exercise programmes that are likely to benefit older adults by improving mood, enhancing self-efficacy, and building social support.
Factor structure of teacher ratings of the ODD symptoms in children
- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Van Doorn, George
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Van Doorn, George
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 89, no. 1 (2018), p. 219-234
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- Description: This study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to determine the best model for Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms in children aged 3 to 15 years, as presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale. Teachers’ ratings of the ODD symptoms of 213 children from general community schools in Australia were obtained. The findings provided most support for a bifactor model based on Stringaris and Goodman’s [1] three-factor model (primary factors for irritable, hurtful, and headstrong). The general factor, but not the group factors in the model, showed high omega hierarchical and explained common variance. Thus, only the general factor in this model can be meaningfully interpreted. Also, the general factor was supported with regard to external validity. Specifically, this factor, but not the group factors, correlated strongly with ADHD inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom groups, and other measures of behavioural and emotional problems. The taxonomic, diagnostic, practical, and research implications of the findings are discussed. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Van Doorn, George
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 89, no. 1 (2018), p. 219-234
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to determine the best model for Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms in children aged 3 to 15 years, as presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale. Teachers’ ratings of the ODD symptoms of 213 children from general community schools in Australia were obtained. The findings provided most support for a bifactor model based on Stringaris and Goodman’s [1] three-factor model (primary factors for irritable, hurtful, and headstrong). The general factor, but not the group factors in the model, showed high omega hierarchical and explained common variance. Thus, only the general factor in this model can be meaningfully interpreted. Also, the general factor was supported with regard to external validity. Specifically, this factor, but not the group factors, correlated strongly with ADHD inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom groups, and other measures of behavioural and emotional problems. The taxonomic, diagnostic, practical, and research implications of the findings are discussed. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Factor Structure of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) in those with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Mancini, Vincent, Rudaizky, Daniel, Pearcy, Benjamin, Marriner, Angela, Pestell, Carmela, Gomez, Rapson, Bucks, Romola, Chen, Wai
- Authors: Mancini, Vincent , Rudaizky, Daniel , Pearcy, Benjamin , Marriner, Angela , Pestell, Carmela , Gomez, Rapson , Bucks, Romola , Chen, Wai
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sleep Medicine: X Vol. 1, no. (2019), p.
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- Description: Objective: To examine the factor structure of the Sleep Disorder Scale for Children (SDSC) in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: The caregivers of 307 children with ADHD completed the SDSC. Standard and bifactor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated the goodness-of-fit of competing factor structures. Results: The original and unidimensional factor structure produced sub-optimal fit. Bifactor exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to examine the underlying structure of the SDSC. A revised bifactor solution comprising six-specific factors and a general factor was identified. A nested version of this model was deemed to be the preferred model, which also demonstrated good psychometric properties. Conclusion: There is evidence of a ‘general sleep difficulties’ factor in children with ADHD. Four of the six original factors were replicated in this study. However, the revised factor structure suggests that clinicians should be cautious of the utility of subscale scores pending further validation in ADHD samples. © 2019
- Authors: Mancini, Vincent , Rudaizky, Daniel , Pearcy, Benjamin , Marriner, Angela , Pestell, Carmela , Gomez, Rapson , Bucks, Romola , Chen, Wai
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sleep Medicine: X Vol. 1, no. (2019), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective: To examine the factor structure of the Sleep Disorder Scale for Children (SDSC) in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: The caregivers of 307 children with ADHD completed the SDSC. Standard and bifactor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated the goodness-of-fit of competing factor structures. Results: The original and unidimensional factor structure produced sub-optimal fit. Bifactor exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to examine the underlying structure of the SDSC. A revised bifactor solution comprising six-specific factors and a general factor was identified. A nested version of this model was deemed to be the preferred model, which also demonstrated good psychometric properties. Conclusion: There is evidence of a ‘general sleep difficulties’ factor in children with ADHD. Four of the six original factors were replicated in this study. However, the revised factor structure suggests that clinicians should be cautious of the utility of subscale scores pending further validation in ADHD samples. © 2019
Growth mixture modeling of depression symptoms following traumatic brain injury
- Gomez, Rapson, Skilbeck, Clive, Thomas, Matt, Slatyer, Mark
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Skilbeck, Clive , Thomas, Matt , Slatyer, Mark
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 8, no. AUG (2017), p. 1-14
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) was used to investigate the longitudinal trajectory of groups (classes) of depression symptoms, and how these groups were predicted by the covariates of age, sex, severity, and length of hospitalization following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in a group of 1074 individuals (696 males, and 378 females) from the Royal Hobart Hospital, who sustained a TBI. The study began in late December 2003 and recruitment continued until early 2007. Ages ranged from 14 to 90 years, with a mean of 35.96 years (SD = 16.61). The study also examined the associations between the groups and causes of TBI. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale within 3 weeks of injury, and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury. The results revealed three groups: low, high, and delayed depression. In the low group depression scores remained below the clinical cut-off at all assessment points during the 24-months post-TBI, and in the high group, depression scores were above the clinical cut-off at all assessment points. The delayed group showed an increase in depression symptoms to 12 months after injury, followed by a return to initial assessment level during the following 12 months. Covariates were found to be differentially associated with the three groups. For example, relative to the low group, the high depression group was associated with more severe TBI, being female, and a shorter period of hospitalization. The delayed group also had a shorter period of hospitalization, were younger, and sustained less severe TBI. Our findings show considerable fluctuation of depression over time, and that a non-clinical level of depression at any one point in time does not necessarily mean that the person will continue to have non-clinical levels in the future. As we used GMM, we were able to show new findings and also bring clarity to contradictory past findings on depression and TBI. Consequently, we recommend the use of this approach in future studies in this area. © 2017 Gomez, Skilbeck, Thomas and Slatyer.
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Skilbeck, Clive , Thomas, Matt , Slatyer, Mark
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 8, no. AUG (2017), p. 1-14
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) was used to investigate the longitudinal trajectory of groups (classes) of depression symptoms, and how these groups were predicted by the covariates of age, sex, severity, and length of hospitalization following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in a group of 1074 individuals (696 males, and 378 females) from the Royal Hobart Hospital, who sustained a TBI. The study began in late December 2003 and recruitment continued until early 2007. Ages ranged from 14 to 90 years, with a mean of 35.96 years (SD = 16.61). The study also examined the associations between the groups and causes of TBI. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale within 3 weeks of injury, and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury. The results revealed three groups: low, high, and delayed depression. In the low group depression scores remained below the clinical cut-off at all assessment points during the 24-months post-TBI, and in the high group, depression scores were above the clinical cut-off at all assessment points. The delayed group showed an increase in depression symptoms to 12 months after injury, followed by a return to initial assessment level during the following 12 months. Covariates were found to be differentially associated with the three groups. For example, relative to the low group, the high depression group was associated with more severe TBI, being female, and a shorter period of hospitalization. The delayed group also had a shorter period of hospitalization, were younger, and sustained less severe TBI. Our findings show considerable fluctuation of depression over time, and that a non-clinical level of depression at any one point in time does not necessarily mean that the person will continue to have non-clinical levels in the future. As we used GMM, we were able to show new findings and also bring clarity to contradictory past findings on depression and TBI. Consequently, we recommend the use of this approach in future studies in this area. © 2017 Gomez, Skilbeck, Thomas and Slatyer.
Help-seeking by rural residents for mental health problems: The importance of agrarian values
- Judd, Fiona, Jackson, Henry, Komiti, Angela, Murray, Greg, Fraser, Caitlin, Grieve, Aaron, Gomez, Rapson
- Authors: Judd, Fiona , Jackson, Henry , Komiti, Angela , Murray, Greg , Fraser, Caitlin , Grieve, Aaron , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 40, no. 9 (2006), p. 769-776
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- Description: Objective: To examine the role of stoicism, self-efficacy and perceived stigma in predicting help-seeking by rural residents, for mental health problems. Method: A cross-sectional community survey was conducted with a sample of 467 rural residents (58% female), who completed self-report questionnaires assessing current levels of symptomatology, disability, perceived stigma, self-efficacy, stoicism, attitudes towards and experience of seeking help for psychological problems. Results: Overall, 7.6% (n = 129) of respondents had sought help from a general practitioner and/or mental health professional for psychological problems or a mental health issue. More women than men reported having sought such help. Lifetime help-seeking for a psychological problem or mental health issue was positively associated with higher levels of distress and lower levels of stoicism and, to a lesser extent, lower levels of self-efficacy. Conclusions: Efforts to improve help-seeking by rural residents for mental health problems should focus on understanding and addressing attitudes, such as stoicism which act as barriers to help-seeking. © 2006 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2006 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002045
- Authors: Judd, Fiona , Jackson, Henry , Komiti, Angela , Murray, Greg , Fraser, Caitlin , Grieve, Aaron , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 40, no. 9 (2006), p. 769-776
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective: To examine the role of stoicism, self-efficacy and perceived stigma in predicting help-seeking by rural residents, for mental health problems. Method: A cross-sectional community survey was conducted with a sample of 467 rural residents (58% female), who completed self-report questionnaires assessing current levels of symptomatology, disability, perceived stigma, self-efficacy, stoicism, attitudes towards and experience of seeking help for psychological problems. Results: Overall, 7.6% (n = 129) of respondents had sought help from a general practitioner and/or mental health professional for psychological problems or a mental health issue. More women than men reported having sought such help. Lifetime help-seeking for a psychological problem or mental health issue was positively associated with higher levels of distress and lower levels of stoicism and, to a lesser extent, lower levels of self-efficacy. Conclusions: Efforts to improve help-seeking by rural residents for mental health problems should focus on understanding and addressing attitudes, such as stoicism which act as barriers to help-seeking. © 2006 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2006 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002045
In search of the optimum structural model for internet gaming disorder
- Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Gomez, Rapson, Griffiths, Mark
- Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Gomez, Rapson , Griffiths, Mark
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMC Psychiatry Vol. 21, no. 1 (2021), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Internet gaming Disorder (IGD) constitutes a recently proposed clinical disorder (American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2013). The present study examined if IGD is best conceptualized as categorical (present/absent), or dimensional (severity ranging from low to high), or both (i.e., hybrid of categorical/dimensional). Methods: Ratings of the nine DSM-5 IGD symptoms, as presented in the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale 9-Short Form (Pontes & Griffiths, Comput Hum Behav 45:137-143, 2015), from 738 gamers, aged 17 to 72 years, were collected. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), latent class analysis (LCA), and factor mixture modelling analysis (FMMA) procedures were applied to determine the optimum IGD model. Results: Although the findings showed most support for a FFMA model with two classes and one factor, there was also good statistical and substantive support for the one-factor CFA model, and the LCA model with three classes. Conclusion: It was concluded that while the optimum structure of IGD is most likely to be a hybrid model (i.e., concurrently categorical and dimensional), a uni-dimensional model and/or a three-class categorical model are also plausible. © 2021, The Author(s).
- Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Gomez, Rapson , Griffiths, Mark
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMC Psychiatry Vol. 21, no. 1 (2021), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Internet gaming Disorder (IGD) constitutes a recently proposed clinical disorder (American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2013). The present study examined if IGD is best conceptualized as categorical (present/absent), or dimensional (severity ranging from low to high), or both (i.e., hybrid of categorical/dimensional). Methods: Ratings of the nine DSM-5 IGD symptoms, as presented in the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale 9-Short Form (Pontes & Griffiths, Comput Hum Behav 45:137-143, 2015), from 738 gamers, aged 17 to 72 years, were collected. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), latent class analysis (LCA), and factor mixture modelling analysis (FMMA) procedures were applied to determine the optimum IGD model. Results: Although the findings showed most support for a FFMA model with two classes and one factor, there was also good statistical and substantive support for the one-factor CFA model, and the LCA model with three classes. Conclusion: It was concluded that while the optimum structure of IGD is most likely to be a hybrid model (i.e., concurrently categorical and dimensional), a uni-dimensional model and/or a three-class categorical model are also plausible. © 2021, The Author(s).
Inattention and disordered gaming : does culture matter?
- Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Baynes, Kyi, O’Farrel, Dominic, Gomez, Rapson, Mueller, Astrid, Yucel, Murat, Griffiths, Mark
- Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Baynes, Kyi , O’Farrel, Dominic , Gomez, Rapson , Mueller, Astrid , Yucel, Murat , Griffiths, Mark
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 91, no. 2 (2020), p. 333-348
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Problematic gaming has emerged as a contemporary concern, leading to the introduction of the diagnostic term ‘Internet Gaming Disorder’ (IGD; American Psychiatric Association). The present study aims to empirically assess the association between inattention and IGD, in the light of variable levels of vertical-individualism that reflects cultural inclinations towards independence, competitiveness, and hierarchy. The participants (N = 1032) comprised a normative cohort of Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) gamers (Mage = 24 years; 48.7% male). IGD was measured with the nine-item short-form IGD Scale (IGD9-SF), inattention with the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale, and vertical individualism with the Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire. Complex hierarchical and moderated regressions were employed. Findings demonstrated an association between IGD and inattention, and additionally showed that this association was exacerbated by a more vertically-individualistic cultural orientation without significant gender differences. The need of differentially addressing IGD risk among inattentive gamers of diverse cultural orientation is highlighted. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
- Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Baynes, Kyi , O’Farrel, Dominic , Gomez, Rapson , Mueller, Astrid , Yucel, Murat , Griffiths, Mark
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 91, no. 2 (2020), p. 333-348
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Problematic gaming has emerged as a contemporary concern, leading to the introduction of the diagnostic term ‘Internet Gaming Disorder’ (IGD; American Psychiatric Association). The present study aims to empirically assess the association between inattention and IGD, in the light of variable levels of vertical-individualism that reflects cultural inclinations towards independence, competitiveness, and hierarchy. The participants (N = 1032) comprised a normative cohort of Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) gamers (Mage = 24 years; 48.7% male). IGD was measured with the nine-item short-form IGD Scale (IGD9-SF), inattention with the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale, and vertical individualism with the Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire. Complex hierarchical and moderated regressions were employed. Findings demonstrated an association between IGD and inattention, and additionally showed that this association was exacerbated by a more vertically-individualistic cultural orientation without significant gender differences. The need of differentially addressing IGD risk among inattentive gamers of diverse cultural orientation is highlighted. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.