List of Titles

The social context of osteosarcopenia : risk factors and social impact

- Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Anderson, Kate, Beauchamp, Alison, O’Connor, Jordan, Duckham, Rachel

Authors: Brennan-Olsen, Sharon , Anderson, Kate , Beauchamp, Alison , O’Connor, Jordan , Duckham, Rachel
Date: 2022
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Osteosarcopenia Chapter 17 p. 287-306
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Description: This multidisciplinary chapter discusses the social context of osteosarcopenia: often a neglected area of consideration for this geriatric condition. It begins by discussing the evidence regarding associations between social conditions and lifestyle risk factors for osteosarcopenia. It then argues that lifestyle risk factors during childhood and adolescence may predispose individuals to present with this geriatric condition later in life. The notion of lifecourse accumulation for osteosarcopenia risk is further explored as a conceptual model based on the psychosocial and lifestyle-related exposures beginning in utero and continuing across the lifespan. This social-biological model posits how relationships between social factors, adversity, psychological stress, inflammation, adaptation, and changes to the epigenetic signature over the lifecourse may contribute to the development of osteosarcopenia in later life. Evidence regarding a key role for health literacy in osteosarcopenia risk, prevention, and treatment is presented. Finally, a discussion of the social impact of osteosarcopenia, including identity and social isolation, brings the chapter to a close. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Thirty years of competency-based training : how Australia painted itself into a curriculum corner in vocational education and training

- Smith, Erica

Authors: Smith, Erica
Date: 2022
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: International Encyclopedia of Education: Fourth Edition p. 491-503
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Description: This chapter chronicles the 30 years of competency-based training (CBT), a curriculum approach which characterized the Australian vocational education and training (VET) system, during that time. The chapter draws upon and brings up to date two previous published accounts by the author, of 10 years and 20 years of CBT, and covers key events, significant policy changes and debates in each 10 year period, including a detail description of current processes for competency standards and curriculum development. CBT has become increasingly narrowly defined, to the detriment of the VET system and of learners, and so the chapter ends by suggesting specific possibilities for improvement. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

“We’re in it for the long haul” : connection, generation and transformation through a school-university partnership

- Goriss-Hunter, Anitra, Burke, Jenene, Sellings, Peter

Authors: Goriss-Hunter, Anitra , Burke, Jenene , Sellings, Peter
Date: 2022
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: School-University Partnerships-Innovation in Initial Teacher Education Chapter 7 p. 91-108
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Description: This paper investigates a transformational school-university partnership project designed to provide authentic learning experiences for pre-service teachers (PSTs); broaden aspirations for regional students in disadvantaged areas; and, work within government policies. Initiated in 2012, the Activity Day project involved two regional secondary colleges and their Years 8 and 9 students who took part in a learning event organised and implemented by second year PSTs as part of their teacher education program. The project has endured ten years of delivery and changes of personnel, having been developed from the learnings of a similar project. A qualitative mixed methods approach was used to evaluate and report on this project. Collaborative self-study combined with semi-structured interviews and feedback from PSTs, teachers and students were used to examine the benefits and challenges of the project. The findings indicate that all parties felt the project was beneficial to them and that there was also scope for future expansion and enhancement. A model known as the RESET model is presented in this chapter. This model draws on our years of school and university partnership activities to highlight important factors that we believe are vital to the success of any school and university partnership. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

A critical eye on british economic policy

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 14 p. 243-255
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Description: This chapter looks at two pamphlets written by Colin Clark in the 1960s which outlined his criticisms of British economic policy. In Growthmanship (1961), Clark assailed the popular convention that Britain simply needed to invest more to achieve higher growth rates. Capital, he argued, was created by growth rather than growth being a function of investment. Moreover, productivity growth came more from ‘human factors’ such as knowledge, organisation, education and enterprise. All this this meant a revival of the competitive spirit, fewer restrictive practices and lower taxation. In Taxmanship (1964). Clark recycled his views that high taxation impaired productivity and aggregate supply, as well as his espousal of the 25% tax limit. Elsewhere he was aghast that the British Labour Party was embracing ‘ancient errors’ such as the idea that services ‘do not really count’ and that ‘only material goods constitute the national product’. Clark was unimpressed with the Wilson Government’s espousal of planning and growth targets, likening it to reducing economic policy to medieval alchemy or witchcraft. He was also sceptical about the efficacy of incomes or wages policy. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Advances in the discovery and development of anthelmintics by harnessing natural product scaffolds

- Herath, H. M. P. Dilrukshi, Taki, Aya, Sleebs, Brad, Hofmann, Andreas, Nguyen, Nghi, Preston, Sarah, Davis, Rohan, Jabbar, Abdul, Gasser, Robin

Authors: Herath, H. M. P. Dilrukshi , Taki, Aya , Sleebs, Brad , Hofmann, Andreas , Nguyen, Nghi , Preston, Sarah , Davis, Rohan , Jabbar, Abdul , Gasser, Robin
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Advances in Parasitology p. 203-251
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Description: Widespread resistance to currently-used anthelmintics represents a major obstacle to controlling parasitic nematodes of livestock animals. Given the reliance on anthelmintics in many control regimens, there is a need for the continued discovery and development of new nematocides. Enabling such a focus are: (i) the major chemical diversity of natural products; (ii) the availability of curated, drug-like extract-, fraction- and/or compound-libraries from natural sources; (iii) the utility and practicality of well-established whole-worm bioassays for Haemonchus contortus—an important parasitic nematodes of livestock—to screen natural product libraries; and (iv) the availability of advanced chromatographic (HPLC), spectroscopic (NMR) and spectrometric (MS) techniques for bioassay-guided fractionation and structural elucidation. This context provides a sound basis for the identification and characterisation of anthelmintic candidates from natural sources. This chapter provides a background on the importance and impact of helminth infections/diseases, parasite control and aspects of drug discovery, and reviews recent work focused on (i) screening well-defined compound libraries to establish the methods needed for large-scale screening of natural extract libraries; (ii) discovering plant and marine extracts with nematocidal or nematostatic activity, and purifying bioactive compounds and assessing their potential for further development; and (iii) synthesising analogues of selected purified natural compounds for the identification of possible ‘lead’ candidates. The chapter describes some lessons learned from this work and proposes future areas of focus for drug discovery. Collectively, the findings from this recent work show potential for selected natural product scaffolds as candidates for future development. Developing such candidates via future chemical optimisation, efficacy and safety evaluations, broad spectrum activity assessments, and target identification represents an exciting prospect and, if successful, could pave the way to subsequent pre-clinical and clinical evaluations. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

After work? Understanding older women’s portfolio life transitions

- Taylor, Philip, Earl, Catherine, Brooke, Elizabeth, McLoughlin, Christopher

Authors: Taylor, Philip , Earl, Catherine , Brooke, Elizabeth , McLoughlin, Christopher
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Retiring women : work and post work transitions Chapter 7 p. 111-119
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Description: Chapter 7 reports qualitative interviews with older women about the pursuit of an active, fulfilling and productive retirement, and the mechanisms that promote these outcomes. Contrary to notions of the blended lifecycle, analysis reveals a stark division between paid work and retirement for many women at the same time as an ongoing commitment to socially valued and productive albeit unpaid activities that form a portfolio career. Furthermore , analysis reveals an increased sense of autonomy and control over decision making among retired women that contrasts with their experiences of paid employment.

Anabolic androgenic steroids : the shortcut to the wrong way

- Grace, Fergal

Authors: Grace, Fergal
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The Dynamics of Modern Rugby p. 74-83
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Description: The introduction of structured professionalism into all aspects of the game requires the aspirational rugby union player to possess high levels of muscle power and aerobic fitness. Anti-doping regulators became wise to these practices by adding so-called masking agents to the list of prohibited substances which is updated annually and published online. Research into the prevalence of doping of any kind in elite sport has not been conducted to date. It is quite surprising, given it is such a regular topic of debate. Yet, it is unlikely for a currently active athlete to reveal that they are doping and findings from population studies or regional samples cannot be applied to elite athletes. Randomized reporting technique is a method of protecting anonymity of the interviewee and more reliable than traditional questionnaires. Although rarely used, this shows distinct promise to estimate intentional doping in elite athletics. There have been some extraordinary advancements in gene therapy for the prevention and treatment of disease. © 2021 Taylor & Francis.

Angling for Australia

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 17 p. 305-313
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Description: This chapter looks at Colin Clark’s continuing critique of Australian economic policy notwithstanding his eventual return to take up a research position there in 1969. During the late 1950s Clark had applied unsuccessfully for high level posts at Australian universities. His identification with the extreme elements within the Catholic church were not helpful nor was his libertarian views about the Australian economy, particularly on protectionism and welfare reform. His book, Australian Hopes and Fears (1958) gave an opinionated history of Australian society, history and economics and damaged his credibility and standing with its intended audience. He attributed Australia’s mediocre growth performance to the cult of protection. Favouring industry at the expense of agriculture led to chronic trade deficits and suppressed productivity growth; Australian business culture, too, had an aversion towards competition. The main problem affecting agricultural development, Clark argued, was the Australian tradition of wage fixation which allowed high wages to persist, made permissible by an economy kept in a state of excessive demand and protection. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

At heaven’s gate

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 19 p. 341-357
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Description: This chapter looks at the final decade of Colin Clark’s life, marked by public recognition by Australian economists of his achievements as an eminent applied economist. It came against a major illness and the decrepitude of old age. Clark felt vindicated that dire prophecies about world resource depletion and population growth had proven false and was optimistic about human ingenuity overcoming future challenges. He felt that the principal social and economic problem for future generations would be how to make cities tolerable places in which to live. His last work Regional and Urban Location (1982) expressed reservations about letting market criteria guide the location of industry and human settlements. His last attempt at an econometric model suggested a theoretical compromise between Keynes and Friedman, believing in short-term Keynesianism but that, in the long-term the size of the public sector had to be wound back. He framed the period between 1945 and 1973 as one of economic boom, propelled by trade and investment flows rather than the successful application of Keynesian economics. The chapter ends with an appraisal of his life and career. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Becoming the world’s economic statistician

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 4 p. 55-70
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Description: This chapter considers Colin Clark’s role as one of the leading creators of national income accounting. His first book, The National Income, 1924–1931, mapped the gyrations of the business cycle with quarterly estimates of national income. Making a distinction between national product and national income, it included the generation of total money income, its distribution among the classes and the contributions made by the productive factors. It also highlighted the increasing role of services in a modern economy. His next book National Income and Outlay (1937) measured aggregate economic activity for Britain over the three dimensions of income, expenditure, and production from the years 1929–1936. It presented aggregates such as output, consumers’ expenditure, investment expenditure, government revenue and expenditure and macroeconomic relationships. Intrigued by the interwar revival of Malthusianism Clark uncovered striking increases in agricultural productivity in developed and developing countries alike that queried the validity of that doctrine; it portended an interest about the true extent of world hunger as well as his intrinsic interest in demography and agricultural systems. Like Keynes, Clark held that population growth made for a vibrant and competitive society. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Brilliant beginnings

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 2 p. 17-38
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Description: This chapter looks at Colin Clark’s early career. He was strongly influenced by his father, James, whom he emulated by becoming an entrepreneur in ideas, rather than merchandise. Clark attended Winchester College where his contemporaries, as later at Oxford, included Sir Kenneth Clark and Hugh Gaitskell. He won a scholarship to read chemistry at Brasenose College, Oxford before becoming entranced by economics. Clark fell into the orbit of former Guild socialist, G. D. H. Cole and was a member of the Cole group of young men and women formed after the 1926 General Strike to discuss the socialist issues of the day. Professionally, Clark was hired by William Beveridge, Director of the London School of Economics (LSE), as a research assistant for both him and Alwyn Young who, in turn, introduced him to the power of increasing returns. In 1930 Clark was appointed to the Economic Advisory Council because of his statistical prowess and watched some of Britain’s top economists grapple with the issue of the depression. He prepared figures for an early version of the multiplier which Keynes and Richard Kahn would use to justify the case for public works to address the British economic slump. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Cambridge and Fabianism

- Millmow, Alex

Authors: Millmow, Alex
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: The gypsy economist: the life and times of Colin Clark Chapter 3 p. 39-53
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Description: This chapter deals with Colin Clark’s time at Cambridge University, his friendship with J. M. Keynes who had recommended his appointment after Clark had resigned from the EAC after rejecting the idea of putting his name to a protectionist manifesto. The Cambridge appointment would be the making of Clark as an applied and statistical economist and allowed him a front row seat at the Keynesian revolution to which he provided some aggregative concepts. In the early 1930s Clark became private secretary to Clement Attlee, a junior minister within the Ramsay MacDonald’s Labour government. Apart from drafting Labour Party policy resolutions and its 1931 electoral manifesto, Clark provided statistical advice to Labour politicians. With his colleagues, Clark laid down the intellectual foundations for Labour’s socialist platform using Keynes’s new theory. He ran for a parliamentary seat in three general elections but markedly without success. In 1935 he married the love of his life Marjorie Tattersall and relinquished hopes of becoming a politician. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Charting pathways to growth and development through transparent procurement management in Africa

- Pillay, Soma

Authors: Pillay, Soma
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Public Procurement, Corruption and the Crisis of Governance in Africa Chapter 14 p. 269-286
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Description: Efficient government procurement system is significant in cases where public procurement accounts for a large portion of economic activity. While in major OECD countries, government procurement ranges from 12-14% of the gross domestic product, this range is substantially larger in Africa. Therefore, ensuring transparency in the procurement procedure is an essential determinant of good governance practice and efficiency, as it enhances the competitiveness of public procurement. In this chapter a review is offered of best practices in public procurement. The chapter also examines transformational procurement which refers to a type of organizational change management focusing on strategies to enable major and long-term improvements to procurement processes, activities, and relationships. As the public sector is becoming focused on procurement transformation, it is timely to strengthen the strategic value of the procurement function and highlight its vital role in increasing efficiency and maximizing the value of money spent. The chapter reviews the most common procurement transformation challenges agencies have been tackling with public procurement professionals across the African continent and a shared perspective on how to overcome them. The introduction of transparent practices is insufficient to ensure competitive public procurement, therefore in order to enjoy maximum benefits from the reform toward transformational and transparent procurement, African countries must simultaneously combat conspiratorial practices of firms in the public procurement tendering system. This chapter also helps us understand the reasons for agencies' reluctance toward introducing transformational procurement in government purchasing. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.

Conclusion: public policy leadership and change for women’s work and retirement

- Taylor, Philip, Earl, Catherine, Brooke, Elizabeth, McLoughlin, Christopher

Authors: Taylor, Philip , Earl, Catherine , Brooke, Elizabeth , McLoughlin, Christopher
Date: 2021
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Retiring women : work and post work transitions Chapter 10 p.147-151
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Description: With current policy concerns about shortfalls of labour supply and effects on the social welfare system due to population ageing, there is a need to understand the factors that shape women's choices about if, when and how to retire. Recent trends indicating the increased workforce participation of women demand new policy responses to the end of careers and retirement transitions to sustain acceptable levels of participation and productivity. This book is innovative in that it will examine constellations of factors that disadvantage or advantage women's career and retirement trajectories against a backdrop of public policy efforts to extend working lives.

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