- Title
- Unraveling spatiotemporal transient dynamics at the nanoscale via wavelet transform-based kelvin probe force microscopy
- Creator
- Biglarbeigi, Pardis; Morelli, Alessio; Pauly, Serene; Yu, Zidong; Jiang, Wenjun; Sharma, Surbhi; Finlay, Dewar; Kumar, Amit; Soin, Navneet; Payam, Amir
- Date
- 2023
- Type
- Text; Journal article
- Identifier
- http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/199114
- Identifier
- vital:19131
- Identifier
-
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c06488
- Identifier
- ISSN:1936-0851 (ISSN)
- Abstract
- Mechanistic probing of surface potential changes arising from dynamic charge transport is the key to understanding and engineering increasingly complex nanoscale materials and devices. Spatiotemporal averaging in conventional heterodyne detection-based Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) inherently limits its time resolution, causing an irretrievable loss of transient response and higher-order harmonics. Addressing this, we report a wavelet transform (WT)-based methodology capable of quantifying the sub-ms charge dynamics and probing the elusive transient response. The feedback-free, open-loop wavelet transform KPFM (OL-WT-KPFM) technique harnesses the WT’s ability to simultaneously extract spatial and temporal information from the photodetector signal to provide a dynamic mapping of surface potential, capacitance gradient, and dielectric constant at a temporal resolution 3 orders of magnitude higher than the lock-in time constant. We further demonstrate the method’s applicability to explore the surface-photovoltage-induced sub-ms hole-diffusion transient in bismuth oxyiodide semiconductor. The OL-WT-KPFM concept is readily applicable to commercial systems and can provide the underlying basis for the real-time analysis of transient electronic and electrochemical properties. © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society
- Relation
- ACS Nano Vol. 17, no. 21 (2023), p. 21506-21517
- Rights
- All metadata describing materials held in, or linked to, the repository is freely available under a CC0 licence
- Rights
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
- Rights
- Copyright © 2023 The Authors
- Rights
- Open Access
- Subject
- MD Multidisciplinary; Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM); Surface photovoltage; Time-resolved KPFM (tr-KPFM); Transient quantification; Wavelet transforms
- Full Text
- Reviewed
- Funder
- This work is supported by US-Ireland grant with the award number USI 186 (A. F. Payam).
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